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Ambrosian Republic
, it, Aurea Repubblica Ambrosiana , era = Late Middle Ages , government_type = Directorial republic , p1 = Duchy of Milan , flag_p1 = Flag of the Duchy of Milan (1450).svg , s1 = Duchy of Milan , flag_s1 = Flag of the Duchy of Milan (1450).svg , image_map = Golden Ambrosian Republic.jpg , year_start = 1447 , year_end = 1450 , image_flag = Flag of the Golden Ambrosian Republic.svg , capital = Milan , common_languages = Lombard , religion = Catholic Church , currency = Soldo , leader1 = Mains of the 12 members: * Bishop Antonio Trivulzio * Carlo Gonzaga of Milan * Vitaliano I Borromeo , year_leader1 = 1447–1450 , title_leader = Captains and Defenders of the Freedom , legislature = Parish Assembly The Golden Ambrosian R ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Directorial System
A directorial republic is a country ruled by a college of several people who jointly exercise the powers of a head of state and/or a head of government. In political history, the term directory, in French ', is applied to high collegial institutions of state composed of members styled director. The most important of these by far was the Directory of 1795–1799 in France. The system was inspired by the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776, which prominently featured a collegial 12-member Supreme Executive Council with a '' primus inter pares'' President. Variants of this form of government, based on the French model, were also established in the European regions conquered by France during the French Revolutionary Wars. In the past, Uruguay, Yugoslavia (after 1974), Ukraine (1918), and other countries were ruled by directories. One country now using this form of government is Switzerland (and to a lesser extent, San Marino), where directories rule all levels of administration ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alfonso V Of Aragon
Alfonso the Magnanimous (139627 June 1458) was King of Aragon and King of Sicily (as Alfonso V) and the ruler of the Crown of Aragon from 1416 and King of Naples (as Alfonso I) from 1442 until his death. He was involved with struggles to the throne of the Kingdom of Naples with Louis III of Anjou, Joanna II of Naples and their supporters, but ultimately failed and lost Naples in 1424. He recaptured it in 1442 and was crowned king of Naples. He had good relations with his vassal, Stjepan Kosača, and his ally, Skanderbeg, providing assistance in their struggles in the Balkans. He led diplomatic contacts with the Ethiopian Empire and was a prominent political figure of the early Renaissance, being a supporter of literature as well as commissioning several constructions for the Castel Nuovo. Early life Born at Medina del Campo, he was the son of Ferdinand of Trastámara and Eleanor of Alburquerque. Ferdinand was the brother of King Henry III of Castile, and Alfonso was b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Innocenzo Cotta
Innocenzo is a male given name of Latin origin. Notable people with this name include: *Innocenzo da Berzo (1844–1890), Roman Catholic priest *Innocenzo Bonelli (), Captain Regent of San Marino *Innocenzo Del Bufalo-Cancellieri (1566–1610), Roman Catholic cardinal * Innocenzo Chatrian (1927–2019), Italian cross-country skier *Innocenzo Ciocchi Del Monte (–1577), Roman Catholic cardinal * Giovanni Battista Innocenzo Colombo (1717–1801), Swiss painter and architect * Innocenzo Conti (1731–1785), Roman Catholic cardinal * Innocenzo Cybo (1491–1550), Roman Catholic cardinal * Innocenzo Donina (1950–2020), Italian footballer * Innocenzo Ferrieri (1810–1887), Roman Catholic cardinal *Innocenzo Fraccaroli (1805–1882), Italian sculptor * Innocenzo di Pietro Francucci da Imola (), Italian painter *Carlo Innocenzo Frugoni (1692–1768), Italian poet *Innocenzo Leonelli (1592–1625), Italian soldier * Innocenzo Manzetti (1826–1877), Italian inventor *Giovanni Innocenzo Ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Giorgio Lampugnano
Giorgio Lampugnano was a university professor of Pavia, husband of one Giovannina Omodei and father of the Ambrosian Republic. Lampugnano was the figurehead of the original four founders of the Ambrosian Republic, an inspiring public speaker. Lampugnano and his father-in-law Giovanni Omodei were among the first Captains and Defenders. He was an active Ghibelline and stirred the populace to protest against peace talks with Venice in 1448 after the Guelphic triumph in the election. When Carlo Gonzaga gained too much power for his firm republican tastes, he organized the Ghibellines into a pro-Francesco Sforza conspiracy against him, but they were betrayed. On the way to the Holy Roman Empire as an embassy, Lampugnano and his friend and fellow conspirator Teodoro Bossi were captured and imprisoned. Lampugnano was beheaded without a trial, and Bossi was tortured until he gave the names of his accomplices, all of whom either escaped or were murdered. His relative, Oldrado Lampugn ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antonio Trivulzio (seniore)
Antonio Trivulzio the Elder ( It.: ''Antonio Trivulzio, seniore'') (1457–1508) (called the Cardinal of Como) was an Italian Roman Catholic bishop and cardinal. Biography Antonio Trivulzio, ''seniore'', was born in Milan on January 18, 1457, the son of Milanese patricians Pietro Trivulzio and Laura Bossi. He was the brother of Teodoro Trivulzio, marshal of France, and the uncle of Cardinal Agostino Trivulzio. After obtaining a doctorate in law, he joined the Canons Regular at Sant'Antonio in Milan. He was ordained as a priest around this time. He went on to become the master of the Augustinian house of Sant'Antonio in Milan. He also served on the privy council of Gian Galeazzo Sforza, Duke of Milan. In 1477, he served as the ambassador of the Duchy of Milan to Parma and in 1483, as its ambassador in Rome. Settling in Rome, he became first a protonotary apostolic and then an Auditor of the Roman Rota. On August 27, 1487, he was elected Bishop of Como; he subsequently he ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Braccio Da Montone
{{Infobox noble, type , name = Braccio da Montone , title = Prince of Capua , image = Braccio da Montone.jpg , caption = , alt = , CoA = , more = no , succession = Prince of Capua , reign = {{nowrap, July 1421 – 5 June 1424 , predecessor = Rinaldo d'Angiò-Durazzo , successor = Sergianni Caracciolo , spouse = Elisabetta ArmanniNicolina da Varano , issue = Oddo FortebraccioLucrezia FortebraccioCarlotta FortebraccioCarlo Fortebraccio (legitimate) , noble family = Fortebraccio , father = Oddo Fortebraccio , mother = Giacoma Montemelini , birth_name = Andrea Fortebraccio , birth_date = , birth_place = Perugia , death_date = {{Death date and age, 1424, 06, 05, 1368, 07, 01, df=y , death_place = L'Aquila , burial_place = Chiesa di San Francesco al Prato, Perugia , religion = Atheism , occupation = , memorials = , website = , module = Braccio da Montone (1 July 1368 – 5 June 1424), born Andrea Fortebraccio, was an Italian condottiero. Biography He was born to the nobleman ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bianca Maria Visconti
Bianca Maria Visconti (31 March 1425 – 28 October 1468) was Duchess of Milan from 1450 to 1468 by marriage to Francesco I Sforza. She was regent of Marche during the absence of her spouse in 1448. She served as Regent of the Duchy of Milan during the illness of her spouse in 1462, as well as in 1466, between the death of her spouse and until her son, the new Duke, who was absent, was able to return to Milan to assume power. Biography Early years Born near Settimo Pavese, Bianca Maria was the illegitimate daughter of Filippo Maria Visconti, Duke of Milan and last of the Visconti rulers, and Agnese del Maino. Agnese was the daughter of Ambrogio del Maino, a Milanese nobleman and ducal questore. Agnese served as Lady-in-Waiting to Filippo's wife, Beatrice di Tenda. The couple had a second daughter, called Caterina Maria or Lucia Maria, also born in Settimo in 1426, but she died shortly after her birth. When she was six months old, Bianca Maria and her mother were sent to a cas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Empire was a political entity in Western, Central, and Southern Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars. From the accession of Otto I in 962 until the twelfth century, the Empire was the most powerful monarchy in Europe. Andrew Holt characterizes it as "perhaps the most powerful European state of the Middle Ages". The functioning of government depended on the harmonic cooperation (dubbed ''consensual rulership'' by Bernd Schneidmüller) between monarch and vassals but this harmony was disturbed during the Salian period. The empire reached the apex of territorial expansion and power under the House of Hohenstaufen in the mid-thirteenth century, but overextending led to partial collapse. On 25 December 800, Pope Leo III crowned the Frankish king Charlemagne as emperor, reviving the title in Western Europe, more than three centuries after the fall of the earlier ancient Western Ro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor
Frederick III (German: ''Friedrich III,'' 21 September 1415 – 19 August 1493) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1452 until his death. He was the fourth king and first emperor of the House of Habsburg. He was the penultimate emperor to be crowned by the pope, and the last to be crowned in Rome. Prior to his imperial coronation, he was duke of the Inner Austrian lands of Styria, Carinthia and Carniola from 1424, and also acted as regent over the Duchy of Austria from 1439. He was elected and crowned King of Germany in 1440. His reign of 53 years is the longest in the history of the Holy Roman Empire or the German Monarchy. Upon his death in 1493 he was succeeded by his son Maximilian I. During his reign, Frederick concentrated on re-uniting the Habsburg " hereditary lands" of Austria and took a lesser interest in Imperial affairs. Nevertheless, by his dynastic entitlement to Hungary as well as by the Burgundian inheritance, he laid the foundations for the later Habsburg Empir ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bernabò Visconti
Bernabò or Barnabò Visconti (1323 – 19 December 1385) was an Italian soldier and statesman who was Lord of Milan. Along with his brothers Matteo and Galeazzo II, he inherited the lordship of Milan from his uncle Giovanni. Later in 1355, he and Galeazzo II were rumoured to have murdered their brother Matteo since he endangered the regime. When Galeazzo II died, he shared Milan's lordship with his nephew Gian Galeazzo. Bernabò was a ruthless despot toward his subjects and did not hesitate to face emperors and popes including Pope Urban V. The conflict with the Church cost him several excommunications. On 6 May 1385, his nephew Gian Galeazzo deposed him. Imprisoned in his castle, Trezzo sull'Adda, he died a few months later, presumably from poisoning. Life He was born in Milan, the son of Stefano Visconti and Valentina Doria. From 1346 to 1349 he lived in exile, until he was called back by his uncle Giovanni Visconti. On 27 September 1350 Bernabò married Beatrice Regina ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
House Of Habsburg
The House of Habsburg (), alternatively spelled Hapsburg in Englishgerman: Haus Habsburg, ; es, Casa de Habsburgo; hu, Habsburg család, it, Casa di Asburgo, nl, Huis van Habsburg, pl, dom Habsburgów, pt, Casa de Habsburgo, la, Domus Habsburg, french: Maison des Habsbourg and also known as the House of Austriagerman: link=no, Haus Österreich, ; es, link=no, Casa de Austria; nl, Huis van Oostenrijk, pl, dom Austrii, la, Domus Austriæ, french: Maison d'Autriche; hu, Ausztria Háza; it, Casa d'Austria; pt, Casa da Áustria is one of the most prominent and important dynasties in European history. The house takes its name from Habsburg Castle, a fortress built in the 1020s in present-day Switzerland by Radbot of Klettgau, who named his fortress Habsburg. His grandson Otto II was the first to take the fortress name as his own, adding "Count of Habsburg" to his title. In 1273, Count Radbot's seventh-generation descendant Rudolph of Habsburg was elected King of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sigismund, Archduke Of Austria
Sigismund (26 October 1427 – 4 March 1496), a member of the House of Habsburg, was Duke of Austria from 1439 (elevated to Archduke in 1477) until his death. As a scion of the Habsburg Leopoldian line, he ruled over Further Austria and the County of Tyrol from 1446 until his resignation in 1490. Biography Sigismund (or ''Siegmund'', sometimes also spelled ''Sigmund'') was born at the Tyrolean court in Innsbruck; his parents were the Further Austrian duke Frederick IV of Austria and his second wife , a daughter of the Welf duke Frederick I of Brunswick-Lüneburg. A minor upon his father's death in 1439, the Inner Austrian duke Frederick V, Sigismund's first cousin, acted as regent until 1446. Frederick, elected King of the Romans (as ''Frederick IV'') in February 1440, exploited all opportunities to extend his influence over the Further Austrian lands. He also interfered in the Old Zürich War in order to regain the former Habsburg territories lost to the Swiss Confederacy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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