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Amarna Letter EA 35
Amarna letter EA 35, titled ''The Hand of Nergal,'' is a moderate length clay tablet letter from the king of Alashiya (modern Cyprus) to the king (pharaoh) of Egypt (photo, high resolutio. The letter has multiple short paragraphs, with scribed, single-lines showing the paragraphing. Paragraphs I-VII are on the letter's obverse; paragraph VIII starts at the bottom edge and continues, ending at Paragraph XIII on the clay tablet's reverse. The letter is located in the British Museum, no. 29788. The clay surface shows a gloss, implying a quality of the clay preparation. Small edges/ corners of the clay tablet letter are broken, damaged, or missing. The topics of the letter concern an epidemic afflicting the country: ''The Hand of Nergal'', trade for silver and copper (copper from Alašiya), and timber. A discussion of politics, concerning island individuals, and the two countries' messengers concern the second half of the letter. The Amarna letters, about 300, numbered up to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amarna Letter Mp3h8876
Amarna (; ar, العمارنة, al-ʿamārnah) is an extensive Egyptian archaeological site containing the remains of what was the capital city of the late Eighteenth Dynasty. The city was established in 1346 BC, built at the direction of the Pharaoh Akhenaten, and abandoned shortly after his death in 1332 BC. The name that the ancient Egyptians used for the city is transliterated in English as Akhetaten or Akhetaton, meaning " the horizon of the Aten".David (1998), p. 125 The site is on the east bank of the Nile River, in what today is the Egyptian province of Minya. It is about south of the city of al-Minya, south of the Egyptian capital, Cairo, and north of Luxor (site of the previous capital, Thebes). The city of Deir Mawas lies directly to its west. On the east side of Amarna there are several modern villages, the chief of which are l-Till in the north and el-Hagg Qandil in the south. Activity in the region flourished from the Amarna Period until the later Roman e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Text Corpus
In linguistics, a corpus (plural ''corpora'') or text corpus is a language resource consisting of a large and structured set of texts (nowadays usually electronically stored and processed). In corpus linguistics, they are used to do statistical analysis and statistical hypothesis testing, hypothesis testing, checking occurrences or validating linguistic rules within a specific language territory. In Search engine (computing), search technology, a corpus is the collection of documents which is being searched. Overview A corpus may contain texts in a single language (''monolingual corpus'') or text data in multiple languages (''multilingual corpus''). In order to make the corpora more useful for doing linguistic research, they are often subjected to a process known as annotation. An example of annotating a corpus is part-of-speech tagging, or ''POS-tagging'', in which information about each word's part of speech (verb, noun, adjective, etc.) is added to the corpus in the form o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sumerogram
A Sumerogram is the use of a Sumerian cuneiform character or group of characters as an ideogram or logogram rather than a syllabogram in the graphic representation of a language other than Sumerian, such as Akkadian or Hittite. Sumerograms are normally transliterated in majuscule letters, with dots separating the signs. In the same way, a written Akkadian word that is used ideographically to represent a language other than Akkadian (such as Hittite) is known as an ''Akkadogram''. This type of logogram characterized, to a greater or lesser extent, every adaptation of the original Mesopotamian cuneiform system to a language other than Sumerian. The frequency and intensity of their use varied depending on period, style, and genre. The name of the cuneiform sign written in majuscule letters is a modern Assyriological convention. Most signs have a number of possible Sumerian sound values. The readers of Assyrian or Hittite texts using these Sumerograms would not necessarily have been ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Babylonian Digit 0
Babylonian may refer to: * Babylon, a Semitic Akkadian city/state of ancient Mesopotamia founded in 1894 BC * Babylonia, an ancient Akkadian-speaking Semitic nation-state and cultural region based in central-southern Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq) * Babylonian language, a dialect of the Akkadian language See also * Babylonia (other) * Babylonian astronomy * Babylonian calendar * Babylonian captivity or Babylonian exile, a period in Jewish history * Babylonian Jews, Jews of the area of modern-day Iraq and north Syria * Babylonian literature * Babylonian mathematics, also known as Assyro-Babylonian mathematics * Babylonian religion * First Babylonian dynasty, the first dynasty of Babylonia * Neo-Babylonian Empire The Neo-Babylonian Empire or Second Babylonian Empire, historically known as the Chaldean Empire, was the last polity ruled by monarchs native to Mesopotamia. Beginning with the coronation of Nabopolassar as the List of kings of Babylon, King of B ... (626–539 BC ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lacuna (manuscripts)
A lacuna ( lacunae or lacunas) is a gap in a manuscript, inscription, text, painting, or musical work. A manuscript, text, or section suffering from gaps is said to be "lacunose" or "lacunulose". Weathering, decay, and other damage to old manuscripts or inscriptions are often responsible for lacunae - words, sentences, or whole passages that are missing or illegible. Palimpsests are particularly vulnerable. To reconstruct the original text, the context must be considered. In papyrology and textual criticism, this may lead to competing reconstructions and interpretations. Published texts that contain lacunae often mark the section where text is missing with a bracketed ellipsis. For example, "This sentence contains 20 words, and ..nouns," or, "Finally, the army arrived at ..and made camp." Notable examples See also * Unfinished work Unfinished may refer to: *Unfinished creative work, a work which a creator either chose not to finish or was prevented from finishing. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tam (cuneiform)
The cuneiform ud sign, also ut, and with numerous other syllabic and Sumerogram uses, is a common sign for the mid 14th-century BC Amarna letters and the ''Epic of Gilgamesh''. The sign is constructed upon the single vertical stroke , with various positionings of two wedge-strokes at the left, sometimes approximately centered, or often inscribed upwards to the left, the second wedge-stroke (or 'angled line-stroke'), occasionally inscribed/ligatured upon the first. The wedge-strokes can have any size, are often smaller than the vertical, but as an example, Amarna letter EA 256, can be almost as large as the vertical. In the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'', sign ''ud'' is listed as used for the following linguistic elements: :* lah :* par :* pir :* tam :* tú :* ud :* ut :* uṭ Sumerograms :* BABBAR--"silver" :* UD--"daily", "day", (2nd "daily"-(no. 2)) :* UTU--"sun" The usage numbers for each linguistic element in the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' are as follows: ''lah''--(2), ''par''--(5 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ni (cuneiform)
The cuneiform sign ni is a common-use sign of the Amarna letters, the ''Epic of Gilgamesh,'' and other cuneiform texts. It has a secondary sub-use in the Amarna letters for addressing the Pharaoh, from the vassal states of Canaan. The address to the Pharaoh is often 'King-Lord-Mine': ''LUGAL, EN-ia'' which has many varieties of expression. "LUGAL" is Akkadian language for "Šarru", English "king", and ''EN'' in Akkadian is ''bēlu'', for "Lord", (thus "King, Lord-Mine"). In some Amarna letters the sub-use of ''ni'' is ''lí'', for spelling "bēlu", '' be-lí'' often . There are other sub-uses of ''ni'' (see ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' usage below). It is also found in some Amarna letters, EA 9, and EA 252, for example where ''ni'' or ''lí'' is scribed in a "flourish" format (an over-lengthened version of the two-horizontals that construct the sign), similar to '' tab'', . In EA 9 especially, there is a ' scribe margin line', both left and right on the clay tablet obverse. For the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ša (cuneiform)
The cuneiform ša sign is a common, multi-use sign, a syllabic for ''ša'', and an alphabetic sign used for ''š'', or ''a''; it is common in both the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' over hundreds of years, and the 1350 BC Amarna letters. Besides ''ša'' usage in word components of verbs, nouns, etc., it has a major usage between words. In Akkadian, for English language ''"who"'', it is an interrogative pronoun; in the Akkadian language as ''ša'', (as "that", "what"; ("that (of)", "which (of)"), in English it used for ''who, what, which, etc.''. Ša, and Ka, the stroke differences The difference in the construction of the signs ''ka'' and ''ša'' are as follows: "ka" when scribed in the Amarna letters often shows the distinctiveness of the right section of the sign, versus the left section. For ''ša'', the right section is constructed with two wedge strokes (one scribed above the other), between the two verticals, at right. For ''ka'', the right side mostly, in the Amarna letters ha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Greeting-gift (Shulmani)
The greeting-gift (Šulmānī) were gifts, or ''presents'' exchanged between Kings, and rulers of the 1350 BC– 1335 BC Amarna letters correspondence. They are notable in the 382–letter corpus for the variety of the gifts, as well as the involvement of the individuals exchanging the gifts, (their motives). The "greeting-gifts" were "peace-offerings" between the rulers, and were a function of intrigues, and country/political relationships, or regional 'country'/kingdom relationships. An example of a discussion of a greeting-gift exchange can be found at one of the authors of the Amarna letters, Zita (Hittite prince). Letter EA 44 is presented, (EA for 'el Amarna'), as an example of the term's usage. Other notable exchanges of greeting-gifts were with Tushratta of Mittani, Assyria, the King of Ugarit-(letter EA 49, by Niqmaddu II), and the King of Babylon. See also * Amarna letters *Zita (Hittite prince) Zita was a Hittite prince and probably the brother of Suppilulium ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ŠEŠ (brother Sumerogram)
The cuneiform ŠEŠ sign, as a capital letter ( majuscule), is a Sumerogram for Akkadian language Akkadian (, Akkadian: )John Huehnergard & Christopher Woods, "Akkadian and Eblaite", ''The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages''. Ed. Roger D. Woodard (2004, Cambridge) Pages 218-280 is an extinct East Semitic language th ... ''ahu,'' for "brother". It is the cuneiform sign for ŠEŠ, as it can be used for a variety of lower case syllabic values, using š + vowel + š, (or replacement s+vowel+s). Sumerogram ''ŠEŠ'' has a high usage in the mid-14th century BC, ~1350-1330 BC Amarna letters from the brother kingdoms to the Pharaoh's Egypt (Egypt named ''Mizri'' in the letters). The brother kingdoms were Babylon, Alashiya, and Mittanni, where King Tushratta authored 13 El Amarna letters. The Sumerogram ''ŠEŠ'', and its syllabic uses (''sis'' through ''šiš'') are also found in the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'', with usage numbers as follows: ''sis''-(3 t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French Language
French ( or ) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family. It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire, as did all Romance languages. French evolved from Gallo-Romance, the Latin spoken in Gaul, and more specifically in Northern Gaul. Its closest relatives are the other langues d'oïl—languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium, which French ( Francien) largely supplanted. French was also influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul like Gallia Belgica and by the ( Germanic) Frankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders. Today, owing to France's past overseas expansion, there are numerous French-based creole languages, most notably Haitian Creole. A French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Francophone in both English and French. French is an official language in 29 countries across multiple continents, most of which are members of the ''Organisation internationale de la Francophonie'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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