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Alphanodavirus
''Alphanodavirus'' is a genus of non-enveloped positive-strand RNA viruses in the family ''Nodaviridae''. Insects, mammals, and fishes serve as natural hosts. Diseases associated with this genus include: Nodamura virus paralysis in infected wax moth larvae. Member viruses can also provoke paralysis and death to suckling mice and suckling hamsters. There are five species in this genus. Structure Viruses in the genus ''Alphanodavirus'' are non-enveloped, with icosahedral geometries, and T=3 symmetry. The diameter is around 30 nm. Genomes are linear and segmented, bipartite, around 21.4kb in length. Life cycle Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. Replication follows the positive-strand RNA virus replication model. Positive-strand RNA virus transcription, using the internal initiation model of subgenomic RNA transcription is the method of transcription. Member viruses are released by lysis of the infected ho ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nodamura Virus
''Nodamura virus'' (NoV) is a member of the family Nodaviridae, which was originally isolated from mosquitoes (''Culex tritaeniorhynchus'') in Japan near the village of Nodamura in 1956. Other members of Nodaviridae are flock house virus (FHV) and black beetle virus (BBV).Tesh, R. B.Infectivity and Pathogenicity of Nodamura Virus for Mosquitoes" Journal of General . Virology 48.1 (1980): 177-82. Web. NoV has been found to multiply in several insect and tick species; however, these infected individuals seem to be asymptomatic. Nodamura virus is the only member of the genus Alphanodavirus that can infect insects, fish, and mammals. Taxonomy Nodamura virus is a +ssRNA virus. It is a member of the virus family Nodaviridae. Nodaviridae is made up of two genera, Alphanodavirus and Betanodavirus. NoV is a member of the Alphanodavirus. Other viruses in this genus are '' Flock House virus'' and ''Black beetle virus''."ViralZoneAlphanodavirus N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2015. Structure ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Black Beetle Virus
''Black beetle virus'' (BBV) is a virus that was initially discovered in the North Island of New Zealand in Helensville in dead New Zealand black beetles (''Heteronychus arator'') in 1975. History and general information BBV is recognized as a member of a group of small split arboviruses from the same line as Nodamura virus which was discovered 20 years prior to BBV in Japan. The genomes of these viruses are unusually small compared to others such as picorna and retroviruses. Because the virus only has 2 initial RNAs, this is the simplest class of virus. There is an RNA 3 that does appear only in infected cells. BBV has only been shown to infect insect cells. When transmitted to wax moth larvae, it can cause paralysis; however it cannot replicate in mammalian cells like other viruses in its family. Viruses such as Nodamura Virus and Flock house virus have been shown to infect mammals and fishes. BBV comes from the family of Nodaviridae that contains nine different viruses divid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nodaviridae
''Nodaviridae'' is a family of nonenveloped positive-strand RNA viruses. Vertebrates and invertebrates serve as natural hosts. Diseases associated with this family include: viral encephalopathy and retinopathy in fish. There are nine species in the family, assigned to two genera. History The name of the family is derived from the Japanese village of Nodamura, Iwate Prefecture where Nodamura virus was first isolated from ''Culex tritaeniorhynchus'' mosquitoes. Virology Structure The virus is not enveloped and has an icosahedral capsid (triangulation number = 3) ranging from 29 to 35 nm in diameter. The capsid is constructed of 32 capsomers. Genome The genome is linear, positive sense, bipartite (composed of two segments – RNA1 and RNA2) single stranded RNA consisting of 4500 nucleotides with a 5’ terminal methylated cap and a non-polyadenylated 3’ terminal. RNA1, which is ~3.1 kilobases in length, encodes a protein that has multiple functional domains: a mitoch ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Boolarra Virus
''Boolarra virus'' (BoV) is a member of the family ''Nodaviridae''. It was named after Boolarra, Victoria where it was first discovered after infecting and killing or severely debilitating a pest larvae. As of now, the only known host for ''Boolarra virus'' is the '' Oncopera intricoides'' which a moth that is endemic to Victoria (Australia). __TOC__ History and discovery In the winter of 1977, an outbreak of '' Oncopera intricoides'' prompted examination of the insect and its habits. While examining the pest, many dead and terminal larvae were found. After looking closely to discover the cause these insects' ailment, researchers were unable to find any traces of bacteria, fungi, or protozoa that could have contributed to the insects' death. After further examination, the researchers found viral particles that were found to be members of the Nodaviridae. After comparing the RNA genome of this virus with that of other members of the Nodaviridae, it was found to be different and th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Positive-strand RNA Virus
Positive-strand RNA viruses (+ssRNA viruses) are a group of related viruses that have positive-sense, single-stranded genomes made of ribonucleic acid. The positive-sense genome can act as messenger RNA (mRNA) and can be directly translated into viral proteins by the host cell's ribosomes. Positive-strand RNA viruses encode an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) which is used during replication of the genome to synthesize a negative-sense antigenome that is then used as a template to create a new positive-sense viral genome. Positive-strand RNA viruses are divided between the phyla ''Kitrinoviricota'', ''Lenarviricota'', and ''Pisuviricota'' (specifically classes ''Pisoniviricetes'' and '' Stelpavirictes'') all of which are in the kingdom '' Orthornavirae'' and realm '' Riboviria''. They are monophyletic and descended from a common RNA virus ancestor. In the Baltimore classification system, +ssRNA viruses belong to Group IV. Positive-sense RNA viruses include pathogen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Viral Envelope
A viral envelope is the outermost layer of many types of viruses. It protects the genetic material in their life cycle when traveling between host cells. Not all viruses have envelopes. Numerous human pathogenic viruses in circulation are encased in lipid bilayers, and they infect their target cells by causing the viral envelope and cell membrane to fuse. Although there are effective vaccines against some of these viruses, there is no preventative or curative medicine for the majority of them. In most cases, the known vaccines operate by inducing antibodies that prevent the pathogen from entering cells. This happens in the case of enveloped viruses when the antibodies bind to the viral envelope proteins. The membrane fusion event that triggers viral entrance is caused by the viral fusion protein. Many enveloped viruses only have one protein visible on the surface of the particle, which is required for both mediating adhesion to the cell surface and for the subsequent membrane fusi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lysis
Lysis ( ) is the breaking down of the membrane of a cell, often by viral, enzymic, or osmotic (that is, "lytic" ) mechanisms that compromise its integrity. A fluid containing the contents of lysed cells is called a ''lysate''. In molecular biology, biochemistry, and cell biology laboratories, cell cultures may be subjected to lysis in the process of purifying their components, as in protein purification, DNA extraction, RNA extraction, or in purifying organelles. Many species of bacteria are subject to lysis by the enzyme lysozyme, found in animal saliva, egg white, and other secretions. Phage lytic enzymes (lysins) produced during bacteriophage infection are responsible for the ability of these viruses to lyse bacterial cells. Penicillin and related β-lactam antibiotics cause the death of bacteria through enzyme-mediated lysis that occurs after the drug causes the bacterium to form a defective cell wall. If the cell wall is completely lost and the penicillin was used ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flock House Virus
Nodavirus endopeptidase (, ''Black Beetle virus endopeptidase'', ''Flock House virus endopeptidase'') is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction : Hydrolysis Hydrolysis (; ) is any chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds. The term is used broadly for substitution reaction, substitution, elimination reaction, elimination, and solvation reactions in which water ... of an asparaginyl bond involved in the maturation of the structural protein of the virus, typically -Asn-Ala- or -Asn-Phe- The enzyme is coded by several nodaviruses that are insect pathogens. References External links * {{Portal bar, Biology, border=no EC 3.4.23 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
