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Alexander Marmorek
Alexander Marmorek (; February 19, 1865 – July 12, 1923) was a Galician-born French bacteriologist and Zionist leader. Early life Marmorek was born on February 19, 1865, in Mielnica, Galicia, Austria-Hungary, the son of physician Josef Marmorek and Friederike Jacobson. His brothers were architect and fellow Zionist leader Oskar Marmorek, lawyer Isidor Marmorek, and writer Schiller Marmorek. Marmorek attended a gymnasium. He then went to the University of Vienna, graduating from there with an M.D. in 1887. He then went to Paris, France, and went to the Pasteur Institute as a student. He later became an assistant there. Career In 1894, he wrote ''Versuch einer Theorie der Septischen Krankheiten'' in Vienna. Initially an obstetrician, he turned to bacteriology and first attracted Pasteur's attention with his investigations into the role lymphatic glands in the body's defense against bacteria. He was considered for the position of assistant at the University of Vienna's me ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Melnytsia-Podilska
Melnytsia-Podilska ( uk, Мельниця-Подільська, pl, Mielnica, yi, מילניצע, Melnitse) (until 1940, Melnytsia-nad-Dnistrom, uk, Мельниця-над-Днiстром) is an urban-type settlement in Chortkiv Raion (district) of Ternopil Oblast (province) in western Ukraine. It hosts the administration of Melnytsia-Podilska settlement hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Population: The settlement is located in the southernmost part of the province, on the left bank of the Dnister River. To the north is the Khudykovtsi village, and to the south is the settlement of Vilkhovets. On the opposite bank of the Dnister lies the village of Perebykivtsi in Dnistrovskyi Raion, Chernivtsi Oblast. The Ukrainian automobile road T-2002 runs through the town. History The town of Melnytsia was first mentioned in the 11th century, which was soon destroyed during the Mongol invasion of Rus'. From 1362, the settlement was in the possession of the Koriatovych family. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Minister Of Foreign Affairs (Russia)
The Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation is a high-ranking Russian government official who heads the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia), Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. The foreign minister is one of the five so-called 'presidential' ministers, along with the ministers of Minister of Defence (Russia), defense, Minister of Internal Affairs (Russia), interior, Minister of Emergency Situations (Russia), emergencies and Ministry of Justice (Russia), justice. Although they are members of the Government of Russia#Current Cabinet, Cabinet, they are directly subordinate to the President of Russia, President. The foreign minister, like other presidential ministers, is nominated and appointed by the President after consultation with the Federation Council (Russia), Federation Council (whereas non-presidential ministers are nominated by the Prime Minister of Russia, Prime Minister and appointed by the President after approval by the State Duma). Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon 1815–1950
The ''Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon 1815–1950'' (''ÖBL''), ''Austrian Biographical Lexicon 1815-1950'', is a dictionary of biographical entries for individuals who have contributed to the history of Austria, published by the Austrian Academy of Sciences. It currently comprises 12 volumes (60 deliveries) with a total of more than 16,000 biographies. It follows the ''Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich ''Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich'' (English, ''Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire'') (abbreviated ''Wurzbach'' from the author's surname) is a 60-volume work, edited and published by Constantin von Wurzbach, cont ...'' (''Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire''), which dealt with the period between 1750 and 1850 and which was published from 1856 to 1891 in 60 volumes, containing 24,254 critical biographies. Published volumes *Volume 1 (''Aarau Friedrich–Gläser Franz''), 1957 (reprinted without changes 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Legion Of Honour
The National Order of the Legion of Honour (french: Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur), formerly the Royal Order of the Legion of Honour ('), is the highest French order of merit, both military and civil. Established in 1802 by Napoleon, Napoleon Bonaparte, it has been retained (with occasional slight alterations) by all later French governments and regimes. The order's motto is ' ("Honour and Fatherland"); its Seat (legal entity), seat is the Palais de la Légion d'Honneur next to the Musée d'Orsay, on the left bank of the Seine in Paris. The order is divided into five degrees of increasing distinction: ' (Knight), ' (Officer), ' (Commander (order), Commander), ' (Grand Officer) and ' (Grand Cross). History Consulate During the French Revolution, all of the French Order of chivalry, orders of chivalry were abolished and replaced with Weapons of Honour. It was the wish of Napoleon, Napoleon Bonaparte, the French Consulate, First Consul, to create a reward to commend c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Order Of Franz Joseph
The Imperial Austrian Order of Franz Joseph (german: Kaiserlich-Österreichischer Franz-Joseph-Orden) was founded by Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria on 2 December 1849, on the first anniversary of his accession to the imperial throne. Classes The order was originally awarded in three classes: ''Grand Cross,'' ''Commander's Cross,'' and ''Knight's Cross.'' In 1869, the class of ''Commander with Star'' was added, which ranked immediately below the Grand Cross. The ''Officer's Cross'', which ranked between Commander and Knight, was introduced on 1 February 1901. The order ceased to exist as a governmental award with the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918. It was not re-established with the foundation of the Republic of Austria. However, it remains active as a dynastic order of the House of Habsburg. Description Knights wore the decoration suspended from a triangular ribbon on the left breast. Officers wore it on the left breast without a ribbon. Commanders wore ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mandatory Palestine
Mandatory Palestine ( ar, فلسطين الانتدابية '; he, פָּלֶשְׂתִּינָה (א״י) ', where "E.Y." indicates ''’Eretz Yiśrā’ēl'', the Land of Israel) was a geopolitical entity established between 1920 and 1948 in the region of Palestine under the terms of the League of Nations Mandate for Palestine. During the First World War (1914–1918), an Arab uprising against Ottoman rule and the British Empire's Egyptian Expeditionary Force under General Edmund Allenby drove the Ottoman Turks out of the Levant during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign. The United Kingdom had agreed in the McMahon–Hussein Correspondence that it would honour Arab independence if the Arabs revolted against the Ottoman Turks, but the two sides had different interpretations of this agreement, and in the end, the United Kingdom and France divided the area under the Sykes–Picot Agreementan act of betrayal in the eyes of the Arabs. Further complicating the issue was t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chaim Weizmann
Chaim Azriel Weizmann ( he, חיים עזריאל ויצמן ', russian: Хаим Евзорович Вейцман, ''Khaim Evzorovich Veytsman''; 27 November 1874 – 9 November 1952) was a Russian-born biochemist, Zionist leader and Israeli statesman who served as president of the Zionist Organization and later as the first president of Israel. He was elected on 16 February 1949, and served until his death in 1952. Weizmann was fundamental in obtaining the Balfour Declaration and later convincing the United States government to recognize the newly formed State of Israel. As a biochemist, Weizmann is considered to be the 'father' of industrial fermentation. He developed the acetone–butanol–ethanol fermentation process, which produces acetone, n-butanol and ethanol through bacterial fermentation. His acetone production method was of great importance in the manufacture of cordite explosive propellants for the British war industry during World War I. He founded the Sieff ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Political Zionism
The principal common goal of Zionism was to establish a homeland for the Jewish people. Zionism was produced by various philosophers representing different approaches concerning the objective and path that Zionism should follow. Political Zionism Political Zionism was led by Theodor Herzl and Max Nordau in Russia. This Zionist Organization approach espoused at the First Zionist Congress aimed at establishing for the Jewish people a publicly and legally assured home in Palestine, which among other items, included initial steps to obtain governmental grants from the established powers that controlled the area. Nathan Birnbaum, a Jew from Vienna was the original father of Political Zionism, yet ever since he defected away from his own movement Theodor Herzl has become known as the face of modern Zionism. In 1890, Birnbaum coined the term "Zionism" and the phrase "Political Zionism" two years later. Birnbaum published a periodical titled 'Self Emancipation' which espoused "the idea o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Theodor Herzl
Theodor Herzl; hu, Herzl Tivadar; Hebrew name given at his brit milah: Binyamin Ze'ev (2 May 1860 – 3 July 1904) was an Austro-Hungarian Jewish lawyer, journalist, playwright, political activist, and writer who was the father of modern political Zionism. Herzl formed the Zionist Organization and promoted Jewish immigration to Palestine in an effort to form a Jewish state. Although he died before Israel's establishment, he is known in Hebrew as (), . Herzl is specifically mentioned in the Israeli Declaration of Independence and is officially referred to as "the spiritual father of the Jewish State", Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, ''Declaration of Establishment of State of Israel'/ref> i.e. the 'visionary' who gave a concrete, practicable platform and framework to political Zionism. However, he was not the first Zionist theoretician or activist; scholars, many of them religious such as rabbis Yehuda Bibas, Zvi Hirsch Kalischer and Judah Alkalai, promoted a range of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
First Zionist Congress
The First Zionist Congress ( he, הקונגרס הציוני הראשון) was the inaugural congress of the Zionist Organization (ZO) held in Basel (Basle), from August 29 to August 31, 1897. 208 delegates and 26 press correspondents attended the event. It was convened and chaired by Theodor Herzl, the founder of the modern Zionism movement. The Congress formulated a Zionist platform, known as the Basel program, and founded the Zionist Organization. It also adopted the Hatikvah as its anthem (already the anthem of Hovevei Zion and later to become the national anthem of the State of Israel). The conference was covered by the international press, making a significant impression; the publicity subsequently inspired the antisemitic forgery ''The Protocols of the Elders of Zion''. History The first Zionist Congress was convened by Theodor Herzl as a symbolic parliament for the small minority of Jewry in agreement with the implementation of Zionist goals. While Jewish major ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
World Zionist Congress
The Zionist Congress was established in 1897 by Theodor Herzl as the supreme organ of the Zionist Organization (ZO) and its legislative authority. In 1960 the names were changed to World Zionist Congress ( he, הקונגרס הציוני העולמי ''HaKongres HaTsioni HaOlami'') and World Zionist Organization (WZO), respectively. The World Zionist Organization elects the officers and decides on the policies of the WZO and the Jewish Agency, including "determining the allocation of funds." The first Zionist Congress was held in Basel, Switzerland in 1897. Any Jew over age 18 who belongs to a Zionist association is eligible to vote, and the number of elected delegates to the Congress is 500. 38% of the delegates are allocated to Israel, 29% to the United States of America, and 33% to the remainder of the countries of the Diaspora. In addition there are about 100 delegates which are appointed by International Organizations (e.g. B'nai B'rith, see below) affiliated with WZO. After ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Jewish Encyclopedia
''The Jewish Encyclopedia: A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from the Earliest Times to the Present Day'' is an English-language encyclopedia containing over 15,000 articles on the history, culture, and state of Judaism up to the early 20th century. The encyclopedia's managing editor was Isidore Singer and the editorial board was chaired by Isaac K. Funk and Frank H. Vizetelly. The work's scholarship is still highly regarded. The American Jewish Archives deemed it "the most monumental Jewish scientific work of modern times", and Rabbi Joshua L. Segal said "for events prior to 1900, it is considered to offer a level of scholarship superior to either of the more recent Jewish encyclopedias written in English." It was originally published in 12 volumes between 1901 and 1906 by Funk & Wagnalls of New York, and reprinted in the 1960s by KTAV Publishing House. It is now in the public domain. History Concept ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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