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Acraea Acrita
''Acraea acrita'', the fiery acraea, is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in large parts of Africa. Description The wingspan is 45–55 mm. ''A. acrita'' is very variable, but may always be known by the veins not being black and by discal dots 3 to 6 of the forewing being usually absent and the apical spot of the forewing if present lighter and smaller than in '' Acraea chaeribula''. According to Eltringham the species has 6 races or subspecies (the type-form, ''ambigua'', ''pudorina'' Acraea_pudorina.html" ;"title="now species ''Acraea pudorina">now species ''Acraea pudorina'' ''littoralis'', ''manca'' [now species '' Acraea manca'' ] and ''bellona'') and in addition numerous aberrations and seasonal forms. The ground-colour of the upper surface bright fiery orange-red; discal dots 1 b and 2, as well as the median dots of the forewing, placed in a line almost vertical to the costal margin. - ''acrita'' Hew. (55 b). Forewing beyond the cell orange-yello ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
William Chapman Hewitson
William Chapman Hewitson (9 January 1806, in Newcastle upon Tyne – 28 May 1878, in Oatlands Park, Surrey) was a British naturalist. A wealthy collector, Hewitson was particularly devoted to Coleoptera (beetles) and Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) and, also, to birds' nests and eggs. His collection of butterflies, collected by him as well as purchased from travellers throughout the world, was one of the largest and most important of his time. He contributed to and published many works on entomology and ornithology and was an accomplished scientific illustrator. Life William Hewitson was educated in York. He became a land-surveyor and was for some time employed under George Stephenson on the London and Birmingham Railway. Delicate health and the accession to an ample fortune through the death of a relative led him to give up his profession and he afterwards devoted himself to scientific studies. He lived for a time at Bristol and Hampstead. In 1848 he purchased ten or tw ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Species Complex
In biology, a species complex is a group of closely related organisms that are so similar in appearance and other features that the boundaries between them are often unclear. The taxa in the complex may be able to hybridize readily with each other, further blurring any distinctions. Terms that are sometimes used synonymously but have more precise meanings are cryptic species for two or more species hidden under one species name, sibling species for two (or more) species that are each other's closest relative, and species flock for a group of closely related species that live in the same habitat. As informal taxonomic ranks, species group, species aggregate, macrospecies, and superspecies are also in use. Two or more taxa that were once considered conspecific (of the same species) may later be subdivided into infraspecific taxa (taxa within a species, such as bacterial strains or plant varieties), that is complex but it is not a species complex. A species complex is in most cas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Butterflies Described In 1865
Butterflies are insects in the macrolepidopteran clade Rhopalocera from the order Lepidoptera, which also includes moths. Adult butterflies have large, often brightly coloured wings, and conspicuous, fluttering flight. The group comprises the large superfamily Papilionoidea, which contains at least one former group, the skippers (formerly the superfamily "Hesperioidea"), and the most recent analyses suggest it also contains the moth-butterflies (formerly the superfamily "Hedyloidea"). Butterfly fossils date to the Paleocene, about 56 million years ago. Butterflies have a four-stage life cycle, as like most insects they undergo complete metamorphosis. Winged adults lay eggs on the food plant on which their larvae, known as caterpillars, will feed. The caterpillars grow, sometimes very rapidly, and when fully developed, pupate in a chrysalis. When metamorphosis is complete, the pupal skin splits, the adult insect climbs out, and after its wings have expanded and dried, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acraea (butterfly)
''Acraea'' is a genus of brush-footed butterflies (family Nymphalidae) of the subfamily Heliconiinae. It seems to be highly paraphyletic and has long been used as a "wastebin taxon" to unite about 220 species of anatomically conservative Acraeini. Some phylogenetic studies show that the genus ''Acraea'' is monophyletic if ''Bematistes'' and Neotropical ''Actinote'' are included (see Pierre & Bernaud, 2009). Most species assembled here are restricted to the Afrotropical realm, but some are found in India, Southeast Asia, and Australia.Silva-Brandão et al. (2008) Biology The eggs are laid in masses; the larvae are rather short, of almost equal thickness throughout, and possessing branched spines on each segment, young larvae group together on a protecting mass of silk; the pupa is slender, with a long abdomen, rather wide and angulated about the insertion of the wings, and suspended by the tail only. '' A. horta'', '' A. cabira'', and '' A. terpsicore'' illustrate typical life ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Consortium For The Barcode Of Life
The Consortium for the Barcode of Life (CBOL) was an international initiative dedicated to supporting the development of DNA barcoding as a global standard for species identification. CBOL's Secretariat Office is hosted by the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, in Washington, DC. Barcoding was proposed in 2003 by Prof. Paul Hebert of the University of Guelph in Ontario as a way of distinguishing and identifying species with a short standardized gene sequence. Hebert proposed the 658 bases of the Folmer region of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome-C oxidase-1 as the standard barcode region. Hebert is the Director of the Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, the Canadian Centre for DNA Barcoding, and the International Barcode of Life Project (iBOL), all headquartered at the University of Guelph. The Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD) is also located at the University of Guelph. CBOL was created in May 2004 with support of the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acraea Utengulensis
''Acraea utengulensis'', the Tanzanian fiery acraea, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in northern and central Tanzania and Zambia. Taxonomy ''Acraea utengulensis'' is a member of the ''Acraea acrita'' species group. The clade members are: *''Acraea utengulensis'' *''Acraea acrita'' *'' Acraea chaeribula'' *'' Acraea eltringhamiana'' *'' Acraea guluensis'' *'' Acraea lualabae'' *'' Acraea manca'' *'' Acraea pudorina'' Treated as a form of ''Acraea pudorina'' by Per Olof Christopher Aurivillius in Adalbert Seitz's ''Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde'' (in English: The Macrolepidoptera of the World) (1907). See the ''Acraea acrita'' species complex. Classification of Acraea by Henning, Henning & Williams, Pierre. J. & Bernaud *''Acraea'' (group ''acrita'') Henning, 1993 *''Acraea'' (''Rubraea'') Henning & Williams, 2010 *''Acraea'' (''Acraea'') (subgroup ''acrita'') Pierre & Bernaud, 2013 *''Acraea'' (''Acraea'') Groupe ''egina'' Pierre & Bernaud, 2 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acraea Lualabae
''Acraea lualabae'' is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Shaba). Description In 1912, Harry Eltringham wrote: Description in Seitz ''A. lualabae'' Neave is very similar to the two following species Acraea chaeribula">A. chaeribula'', ''Acraea acrita">A. acrita'' , scarcely differing except in the forewing having two to four discal dots in cellules 3 to 6. Both wings above orange-yellow with large black dots; apical spot of the forewing about 8 mm. in breadth, indicated beneath also; marginal band of the hindwing on both surfaces with large light spots; hindwing above blackish at the base. Congo: Lualaba. Taxonomy ''Acraea lualabae'' is a member of the ''Acraea acrita'' species group. The clade members are: *''Acraea lualabae'' *''Acraea acrita'' *''Acraea chaeribula'' *''Acraea eltringhamiana'' *''Acraea guluensis'' *''Acraea manca'' *''Acraea pudorina'' *''Acraea utengulensis ''Acraea utengulensis'', the T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acraea Guluensis
''Acraea guluensis'' is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in northern Uganda and southern Sudan. Taxonomy ''Acraea guluensis'' is a member of the ''Acraea acrita'' species group. The clade members are: *''Acraea guluensis'' *''Acraea acrita'' *'' Acraea chaeribula'' *'' Acraea eltringhamiana'' *''Acraea lualabae'' *'' Acraea manca'' *'' Acraea pudorina'' *''Acraea utengulensis'' Classification of ''Acraea'' by Henning, Henning & Williams, Pierre. J. & Bernaud *''Acraea'' (group ''acrita'') Henning, 1993 *''Acraea'' (''Rubraea'') Henning & Williams, 2010 *''Acraea'' (''Acraea'') (supraspecies ''acrita'') Pierre & Bernaud, 2013 *''Acraea'' (''Acraea'') Groupe ''egina'' Pierre & Bernaud, 2014 Pierre & Bernau, 2014 Classification et Liste Synonymique des Taxons du Genre ''Acraea'pdf/ref> References Le Doux, C., 1932 Neue Acraeinae (Lepid. Rhopal.) aus Afrika. ''Mitteilungen der Deutschen Entomologischen Gesellschaft'' 3:4-7. External links ''Acraea guluen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acraea Eltringhamiana
''Acraea eltringhamiana'' is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Zambia (from the northern part of the country to Lake Bangweulu) and the south-eastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. ''Acraea eltringhamiana'' is a member of the ''Acraea acrita'' species group. The clade members are: *''Acraea eltringhamiana'' *''Acraea acrita'' *'' Acraea chaeribula'' *''Acraea guluensis'' *''Acraea lualabae'' *'' Acraea manca'' *'' Acraea pudorina'' *''Acraea utengulensis ''Acraea utengulensis'', the Tanzanian fiery acraea, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in northern and central Tanzania and Zambia. Taxonomy ''Acraea utengulensis'' is a member of the ''Acraea acrita'' species group. The cl ...'' *''Acraea'' (group ''horta'') Henning, 1993 *''Acraea'' (''Acraea'') Henning & Williams, 2010, *''Acraea'' (''Acraea'') (subgroup ''insignis'') Pierre & Bernaud, 2013 *''Acraea'' (''Acraea'') group ''egina'' Pierre & Bernaud, 2014 Pierre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clade
A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English term, the equivalent Latin term ''cladus'' (plural ''cladi'') is often used in taxonomical literature. The common ancestor may be an individual, a population, or a species (extinct or extant). Clades are nested, one in another, as each branch in turn splits into smaller branches. These splits reflect evolutionary history as populations diverged and evolved independently. Clades are termed monophyletic (Greek: "one clan") groups. Over the last few decades, the cladistic approach has revolutionized biological classification and revealed surprising evolutionary relationships among organisms. Increasingly, taxonomists try to avoid naming taxa that are not clades; that is, taxa that are not monophyletic. Some of the relationships between organisms ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Species Group
In biology, a species complex is a group of closely related organisms that are so similar in appearance and other features that the boundaries between them are often unclear. The taxa in the complex may be able to hybridize readily with each other, further blurring any distinctions. Terms that are sometimes used synonymously but have more precise meanings are cryptic species for two or more species hidden under one species name, sibling species for two (or more) species that are each other's closest relative, and species flock for a group of closely related species that live in the same habitat. As informal taxonomic ranks, species group, species aggregate, macrospecies, and superspecies are also in use. Two or more taxa that were once considered conspecific (of the same species) may later be subdivided into infraspecific taxa (taxa within a species, such as bacterial strains or plant varieties), that is complex but it is not a species complex. A species complex is in most cas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adenia
''Adenia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the passionflower family, Passifloraceae. It is distributed in the Old World tropics and subtropics.''Adenia''. Flora of China. The centers of diversity are in , eastern and western tropical , and . The genus name ''Adenia'' comes from "aden", ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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