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Acetonide
In organic chemistry, an acetonide is the functional group composed of the cyclic ketal of a diol with acetone. The more systematic name for this structure is an isopropylidene ketal. Acetonide is a common protecting group for 1,2- and 1,3-diols. The protecting group can be removed by hydrolysis of the ketal using dilute aqueous acid. Example The acetonides of small di- and triols, as well as many sugars and sugar alcohols, are common. The hexaol mannitol reacts with 2,2-dimethoxypropane to give the bis-acetonide, which oxidizes to give the acetonide of glyceraldehyde: :(CHOHCHOHCH2OH)2 + 2 (MeO)2CMe2 → (CHOHCHCH2O2CMe2)2 + 4 MeOH :(CHOHCHOCH2OCMe2)2 + → 2 OCHCHCH2O2CMe2 + H2O An example of its use as a protecting group in a complex organic synthesis is the Nicolaou Taxol total synthesis. It is a common protecting group for sugars and sugar alcohols, a simple example being solketal. The acetonides of corticosteroid are used in dermatology, because their increase ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acetonide Skeletal
In organic chemistry, an acetonide is the functional group composed of the cyclic ketal of a diol with acetone. The more systematic name for this structure is an isopropylidene ketal. Acetonide is a common protecting group for 1,2- and 1,3-diols. The protecting group can be removed by hydrolysis of the ketal using dilute aqueous acid. Example The acetonides of small di- and triols, as well as many sugars and sugar alcohols, are common. The hexaol mannitol reacts with 2,2-dimethoxypropane to give the bis-acetonide, which oxidizes to give the acetonide of glyceraldehyde: :(CHOHCHOHCH2OH)2 + 2 (MeO)2CMe2 → (CHOHCHCH2O2CMe2)2 + 4 MeOH :(CHOHCHOCH2OCMe2)2 + → 2 OCHCHCH2O2CMe2 + H2O An example of its use as a protecting group in a complex organic synthesis is the Nicolaou Taxol total synthesis. It is a common protecting group for sugars and sugar alcohols, a simple example being solketal. The acetonides of corticosteroid are used in dermatology, because their increase ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fluocinolone Acetonide
Fluocinolone acetonide is a corticosteroid primarily used in dermatology to reduce skin inflammation and relieve itching. It is a synthetic hydrocortisone derivative. The fluorine substitution at position 9 in the steroid nucleus greatly enhances its activity. It was first synthesized in 1959 in the Research Department of Syntex Laboratories S.A. Mexico City. Preparations containing it were first marketed under the name Synalar. A typical dosage strength used in dermatology is 0.01–0.025%. One such cream is sold under the brand name Flucort-N and includes the antibiotic neomycin. Fluocinolone acetonide was also found to strongly potentiate TGF-β-associated chondrogenesis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells, by increasing the levels of collagen type II by more than 100 fold compared to the widely used dexamethasone. Fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implants have been used to treat non-infectious uveitis. A systematic review could not determine whether fluocinolo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Corticosteroid
Corticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones that are produced in the adrenal cortex of vertebrates, as well as the synthetic analogues of these hormones. Two main classes of corticosteroids, glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, are involved in a wide range of physiological processes, including stress response, immune response, and regulation of inflammation, carbohydrate metabolism, protein catabolism, blood electrolyte levels, and behavior. Some common naturally occurring steroid hormones are cortisol (), corticosterone (), cortisone () and aldosterone (). (Note that cortisone and aldosterone are isomers.) The main corticosteroids produced by the adrenal cortex are cortisol and aldosterone. Classes * Glucocorticoids such as cortisol affect carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism, and have anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, anti-proliferative, and vasoconstrictive effects. Anti-inflammatory effects are mediated by blocking the action of inflammatory medi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cyclopentanonide
In organic chemistry, cyclopentanonide is a functional group which is composed of a cyclic ketal of a diol with cyclopentanone. It is seen in amcinonide (triamcinolone acetate cyclopentanonide). See also * Acetonide In organic chemistry, an acetonide is the functional group composed of the cyclic ketal of a diol with acetone. The more systematic name for this structure is an isopropylidene ketal. Acetonide is a common protecting group for 1,2- and 1,3-d ... * Acetophenide * Acroleinide * Aminobenzal * Pentanonide References Cyclopentanonides {{organic-chemistry-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aminobenzal
In organic chemistry, aminobenzal is a functional group which is composed of a cyclic ketal of a diol with 4-dimethylaminobenzylidene. It is seen in triamcinolone aminobenzal benzamidoisobutyrate. See also * Acetonide * Acetophenide * Acroleinide * Cyclopentanonide In organic chemistry, cyclopentanonide is a functional group which is composed of a cyclic ketal of a diol with cyclopentanone. It is seen in amcinonide (triamcinolone acetate cyclopentanonide). See also * Acetonide In organic chemistry, an ... * Pentanonide References {{organic-chemistry-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acroleinide
In organic chemistry, acroleinide is a functional group which is composed of a cyclic ketal of a diol with acrolein. In pharmaceutical chemistry, it is present in acrocinonide (triamcinolone acroleinide). See also * Acetonide * Acetophenide * Aminobenzal * Cyclopentanonide In organic chemistry, cyclopentanonide is a functional group which is composed of a cyclic ketal of a diol with cyclopentanone. It is seen in amcinonide (triamcinolone acetate cyclopentanonide). See also * Acetonide In organic chemistry, an ... * Pentanonide References {{organic-chemistry-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acetophenide
In organic chemistry, acetophenide is a functional group which is composed of the cyclic ketal of a diol with acetophenone. In pharmaceutical chemistry, it is present in algestone acetophenide (dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide) and amcinafide (triamcinolone acetophenide). See also * Acetonide * Acroleinide * Aminobenzal * Cyclopentanonide In organic chemistry, cyclopentanonide is a functional group which is composed of a cyclic ketal of a diol with cyclopentanone. It is seen in amcinonide (triamcinolone acetate cyclopentanonide). See also * Acetonide In organic chemistry, an ... * Pentanonide References {{organic-chemistry-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Triamcinolone Acetonide
Triamcinolone acetonide, sold under the brand name Kenalog among others, is a synthetic corticosteroid medication used topically to treat various skin conditions, to relieve the discomfort of mouth sores, and by injection into joints to treat various joint conditions. It is also injected into lesions to treat inflammation in some parts of the body, particularly the skin. In nasal spray form, it is used to treat allergic rhinitis. It is used for the treatment of macular edema associated with uveitis. It is a more potent derivative of triamcinolone, and is about eight times as potent as prednisone. Most forms of triamcinolone acetonide are Prescription drug, prescription drugs. In 2014, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) made triamcinolone acetonide an over-the-counter drug in the United States in nasal spray form under the brand name Nasacort. Medical uses Triamcinolone acetonide as an intra-articular injectable has been used to treat a variety of musculoskeletal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fluclorolone Acetonide
Fluclorolone acetonide ( INN, or flucloronide, USAN, trade names Cutanit, Topicon) is a corticosteroid Corticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones that are produced in the adrenal cortex of vertebrates, as well as the synthetic analogues of these hormones. Two main classes of corticosteroids, glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, are involv ... for topical use on the skin. References Acetonides Chloroarenes Corticosteroid cyclic ketals Corticosteroids Fluoroarenes Glucocorticoids {{dermatologic-drug-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pentanonide
In organic chemistry, pentanonide is a functional group which is composed of a cyclic ketal of a diol with 3-pentanone. It is seen in amcinafal (triamcinolone pentanonide). See also * Acetonide * Acetophenide * Acroleinide * Aminobenzal * Cyclopentanonide In organic chemistry, cyclopentanonide is a functional group which is composed of a cyclic ketal of a diol with cyclopentanone. It is seen in amcinonide (triamcinolone acetate cyclopentanonide). See also * Acetonide In organic chemistry, an ... References {{organic-chemistry-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis (; ) is any chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds. The term is used broadly for substitution reaction, substitution, elimination reaction, elimination, and solvation reactions in which water is the nucleophile. Biological hydrolysis is the cleavage of biomolecules where a water molecule is consumed to effect the separation of a larger molecule into component parts. When a carbohydrate is broken into its component sugar molecules by hydrolysis (e.g., sucrose being broken down into glucose and fructose), this is recognized as saccharification. Hydrolysis reactions can be the reverse of a condensation reaction in which two molecules join into a larger one and eject a water molecule. Thus hydrolysis adds water to break down, whereas condensation builds up by removing water. Types Usually hydrolysis is a chemical process in which a molecule of water is added to a substance. Sometimes this addition causes both the substance and w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lipophilicity
Lipophilicity (from Greek λίπος "fat" and φίλος "friendly"), refers to the ability of a chemical compound to dissolve in fats, oils, lipids, and non-polar solvents such as hexane or toluene. Such non-polar solvents are themselves lipophilic (translated as "fat-loving" or "fat-liking"), and the axiom that "like dissolves like" generally holds true. Thus lipophilic substances tend to dissolve in other lipophilic substances, but hydrophilic ("water-loving") substances tend to dissolve in water and other hydrophilic substances. Lipophilicity, hydrophobicity, and non-polarity may describe the same tendency towards participation in the London dispersion force, as the terms are often used interchangeably. However, the terms "lipophilic" and "hydrophobic" are not synonymous, as can be seen with silicones and fluorocarbons, which are hydrophobic but not lipophilic. __TOC__ Surfactants Hydrocarbon-based surfactants are compounds that are amphiphilic (or amphipathic), having a hy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
