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Astikas
Astikai ( la, Astikus, pl, Ościk, ''Ościkowicze'' or ''Ostik'') was a Lithuanian noble family, that prospered in late 14th and early 17th centuries. Kristinas Astikas, a noble from Kernavė, was the founder of the family. There is some vague evidence, that his father was Sirputis (probably descendant of other Sirputis, brother of Traidenis, Bardis, Liesis, and Svalkenis) and his grandfather was Viršulis, mentioned in chronicles. It is worth to note, that members of Astikai family on different occasions were referred to by these names. One of treaties signed by Kristinas Astikas mentions his father name, Radvilas. However, that is the only reliable clue into the genealogy of Astikai family. Astikas name is first mentioned in 1398 in the Treaty of Salynas as castellan of Užpaliai. After Union of Horodło he received Trąby coat of arms. From 1419 until his death in 1442 or 1444, he was castellan of Vilnius. He was a strong supporter of Vytautas the Great and participated in si ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Radvila Astikas
Radvila Astikas or Astikaitis (baptized Nicholas; pl, Radziwiłł Ościkowicz; died in 1477) was a magnate, a member of the Astikai and founder of the Radvila (Radziwiłł) family. He was a member of the Lithuanian Council of Lords and one of the most influential people in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Astikas was one of the sons of Kristinas Astikas. He was first mentioned in written sources in the 1411 Treaty of Melno. He was Grand Duke's marshal in 1420–29 and 1440–52. Radvila Astikas was Voivode of Trakai (1466–77) and Castellan of Vilnius (1475–77), as well as Grand Marshal of Lithuania (1433–34, 1463–74). He was sent to several diplomatic missions: to Teutonic Knights in 1466, 1447, and 1448, to Golden Horde in 1452. He also participated in negotiating the 1473 Treaty of Kurcums which defined the Lithuanian–Livonian border. There were rumors that in 1440 Astikas was considered as a candidate to the Grand Duke's throne instead of Casimir Jagiellon, but they shou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kristinas Astikas
Kristinas Astikas (1363 in Trakai – 1442 or 1444) was a leading Lithuanian noble and statesman of the Astikai family. Kristinas was a supporter and a companion of Vytautas the Great, his brother Sigismund Kestutaitis and nephew Casimir Jagiellon, he became the Castellan of Vilnius in 1419. Kristinas is mentioned in 1389 in the Treaty of Salynas between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Teutonic Order; he also participated in the signing of other important treaties, including the Peace of Thorn in 1411, the Treaty of Melno in 1422, and the Union of Grodno in 1432. At the signing of the Union of Horodło in 1413 he received the Coat of Arms of Trąby. ''Astikas'' (also spelt as Oscik, Ostyk or Ostik) was his original Lithuanian pagan name, used by some of his descendants as their family name, while ''Kristinas'' (Christian) was his Christian name. He is said by some historians to be descended from the Duke of Kernavė Sirputis, brother of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Traid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trakai Voivodeship
lt, Trakų vaivadija pl, Województwo trockie , conventional_long_name = Trakai Voivodeship , common_name = Trakai , subdivision = Voivodeship , nation = Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1413–1569) Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795) , year_start = 1413 , event_start = Established by Union of Horodło , event_end = Third Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , year_end = 1795 , event1 = Union of Lublin , date_event1 = 1569 , p1 = Duchy of Trakai , image_p1 = , s1 = Vilna Governorate , image_s1 = , s2 = Slonim Governorate , flag_s2 = Flag of Russia.svg , s3 = Province of East Prussia , flag_s3 = Flagge Preußen - Provinz Ostpreußen.svg , s4 = Podlaskie Voivodeship (1513–1795) , image_s4 = , image_flag = Flag of Trakai Voivodeship (1569-1795)-1.svg , image_coat = Recueil d'armoiries polonaises COA of Trakai Voivodeship.png , image_map = Trakai Voivodeship within Lithuania in the 17th century.png , image_map_caption = Trakai Voivodeship (in red) in the 17th centur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Voivode Of Trakai
lt, Trakų vaivadija pl, Województwo trockie , conventional_long_name = Trakai Voivodeship , common_name = Trakai , subdivision = Voivodeship , nation = Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1413–1569) Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795) , year_start = 1413 , event_start = Established by Union of Horodło , event_end = Third Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , year_end = 1795 , event1 = Union of Lublin , date_event1 = 1569 , p1 = Duchy of Trakai , image_p1 = , s1 = Vilna Governorate , image_s1 = , s2 = Slonim Governorate , flag_s2 = Flag of Russia.svg , s3 = Province of East Prussia , flag_s3 = Flagge Preußen - Provinz Ostpreußen.svg , s4 = Podlaskie Voivodeship (1513–1795) , image_s4 = , image_flag = Flag of Trakai Voivodeship (1569-1795)-1.svg , image_coat = Recueil d'armoiries polonaises COA of Trakai Voivodeship.png , image_map = Trakai Voivodeship within Lithuania in the 17th century.png , image_map_caption = Trakai Voivodeship (in red) in the 17th centur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Treaty Of Melno
The Treaty of Melno ( lt, Melno taika; pl, Pokój melneński) or Treaty of Lake Melno (german: Friede von Melnosee) was a peace treaty ending the Gollub War. It was signed on 27 September 1422, between the Teutonic Knights and an alliance of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania at Lake Melno (german: link=no, Melnosee, Meldensee; pl, links=no, Jezioro Mełno), east of Graudenz (Grudziądz). The treaty resolved territorial disputes between the Knights and Lithuania regarding Samogitia, which had dragged on since 1382, and determined the Prussian–Lithuanian border, which afterwards remained unchanged for about 500 years. A portion of the original border survives as a portion of the modern border between the Republic of Lithuania and Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia, making it one of the oldest and most stable borders in Europe. Background The First Peace of Thorn of 1411 did not resolve long-standing territorial disputes between the Teutonic Knights and the Polish ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Union Of Horodło
The Union of Horodło or Pact of Horodło was a set of three acts signed in the town of Horodło on 2 October 1413. The first act was signed by Władysław II Jagiełło, King of Poland, and Vytautas, Grand Duke of Lithuania. The second and third acts were composed by the Polish nobility (szlachta) and Lithuanian boyars, respectively. The union amended the earlier Polish–Lithuanian unions of Krewo and Vilnius–Radom. Politically, Lithuania received more autonomy as, after the death of Vytautas, the Lithuanian nobles could choose another Grand Duke instead of passing the title to Władysław II Jagiełło or his heir. However, culturally, Lithuania and Poland grew closer. Lithuania adopted Polish institutions of castellans and voivodes. Catholic Lithuanian nobles and church officials were granted equal rights with the Polish nobles and clergy. Forty-seven selected Lithuanian nobles were adopted by Polish families and granted Polish coats of arm. Thus the union signified the b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kreva
Kreva ( be, Крэва, ; lt, Krėva or Krẽvas; pl, Krewo; russian: Крéво) is a township in the Smarhon District of Grodno Region, Belarus. The first mention dates to the 13th century. The toponym is derived from the name of the Krivichs tribe. History The Kreva Castle, constructed of brick, was built by the Grand Duke of Lithuania Gediminas in ethnically Lithuanian lands. After his death in 1341, Kreva became the patrimony of his son and successor, Algirdas. In 1382, the Grand Duke Kęstutis was imprisoned in Kreva during the Lithuanian Civil War and subsequently murdered on the order by his nephew Jogaila. The ruins of the castle were severely damaged during World War I, as they were near the front lines. They remain extant to the present day. In 1385, the Union of Krewo (Act of Kreva) was signed in Kreva. In 1387, following the Christianization of Lithuania, the Grand Duke Jogaila established the first Catholic parish in the Lithuanian pagan lands and built a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Starosta
The starosta or starost (Cyrillic: ''старост/а'', Latin: ''capitaneus'', german: link=no, Starost, Hauptmann) is a term of Slavic origin denoting a community elder whose role was to administer the assets of a clan or family estates. The Slavic root of starost translates as "senior". Since the Middle Ages, it has meant an official in a leadership position in a range of civic and social contexts throughout Central and Eastern Europe. In terms of a municipality, a ''starosta'' was historically a senior royal administrative official, equivalent to the County Sheriff or the outdated Seneschal, and analogous to a gubernator. In Poland, a ''starosta'' would administer crown territory or a delineated district called a '' starostwo''. In the early Middle Ages, the ''starosta'' could head a settled urban or rural community or other communities, such as a church starosta, or an ''artel'' starosta, etc. The starosta also functioned as the master of ceremonies. Poland Kingdom of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marszałek
Marszałek ( en, Marshal, , be, Маршалак, ) was one of the highest officials in the Polish royal court since the 13th century and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania since the 15th century. He was the oldest-ranking of all court officials and was considered the most important advisor to the King of Poland. History The term ''marszałek'', derived from Old German ''marh-skalk'' or ''horse-servant'' came to Polish language in the 13th century from Bohemia. Initially it retained its original meaning but then evolved to denote the primary military leader in various courts of princes, most notably in Silesia. However, soon the term evolved and started denoting one of the functions at the court. In the 14th century the royal court in Kraków introduced an office of the ''Marshal of the Polish Kingdom'' (''marszałek Królestwa Polskiego''), which was one of the offices reserved for kings' advisors. The first recorded mention of a Marszałek is at the Battle of Legnica in Silesia on A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polatsk Voivodeship
Połock Voivodeship ( pl, Województwo połockie, be, Полацкае ваяводства) was a unit of administrative division and local government in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (Grand Duchy of Lithuania) since the 15th century until the partitions of Poland in 1793. The voivodeship history can be traced to the Principality of Polotsk, conquered by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania around late 14th / early 15th centuries. From 1504 the former Principality was recognized as a voivodeship. Zygmunt Gloger in his monumental book Historical Geography of the Lands of Old Poland provides this description of the Połock Voivodeship: “Połock, in Latin Polocia, Polocium, lies on the right bank of the Dvina, and is regarded as one of the oldest gords of Rus’. In the 13th century, the Principality of Polotsk was ruled by Kievan princes, but in app. 1225 it was seized by the Lithuanians under Duke Mindaugas (...) Duke Vytautas named the first starosta of Połock, and in a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rēzekne
Rēzekne (, ; German: ''Rositten'') is a state city in the Rēzekne River valley in Latgale region of eastern Latvia. It is called ''The Heart of Latgale'' (Latvian ''Latgales sirds'', Latgalian ''Latgolys sirds''). Built on seven hills, Rēzekne is situated east of Riga, and west of the Latvian-Russian border, at the intersection of the Moscow – Ventspils railway and Warsaw – Saint Petersburg Railways. It has a population of 31,216 (2016)«Latvijas iedzīvotāju skaits pašvaldībās pagastu dalījumā» Data according to the Population Register of Republic of Latvia on 01/01/2016, PDF version available at: https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%93zekne making it the 7th largest city in Latvia. Other names The Latgalian name of the city is ''Rēzne'' ( ). Historically in German sources the location has been known as ''Rositten''. Under the Russian Empire the city was named ''Rezhitsa'' (russian: Рѣжица, pl, Rzeżyca, yi, רעזשיצע). History A Latgalian hil ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battle Of Vedrosha
The Battle of the Vedrosha River was a battle in the course of the Russo-Lithuanian war of 1500–1503 which ended with a decisive Russian victory and proved to be of strategic significance. It was carried out on 14 July 1500, some 50 km to the west of Kaluga, between forces of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, under command of Prince Konstantin Ostrozhsky and Russian (Muscovite) army under Prince Daniil Shchenya.''The Muscovite Dynastic Crisis of 1497-1502'', John V. A. Fine Jr., Canadian Slavonic Papers, Vol. 8, (1966), 213. The skilled Russian commander employed similar tactics that proved successful for the Russian army in the Battle of Kulikovo. Vedrosha was a crushing victory for the Russians. Some 8,000 Lithuanians were killed, and many more were taken prisoner, including Prince Konstantin Ostrogski, the first ever Grand Hetman of Lithuania. After the battle the Lithuanians lost the possibility for military initiative and restricted themselves to defensive actions. Co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
