Arte Di Calimala
The Arte di Calimala, the guild of the cloth finishers and merchants in foreign cloth, was one of the greater guilds of Florence, the ''Arti Maggiori'', who arrogated to themselves the civic power of the Republic of Florence during the Late Middle Ages. The ascendancy of the''Calimala''ran from the organization of Florentine guilds, each with its ''gonfaloniere'' in the thirteenth century, until the rise of the Medici usurped all other communal powers in the fifteenth century. Their presence is commemorated in the via di Calimala, leading away from the city's Roman forum (now Piazza della Republica) through the Mercato Nuovo to the former city gate, the Por Santa Maria, as the Roman ''cardo''; the main street, as old as Florence itself, was a prime location for trade, even though, unpaved, crowded, and much narrower than its present state, it was truly a ''callis malis,'' an "ill passage-way". The name ''Calimala'' is of great antiquity and obscure etymology. Though the original ea ...
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Stemma Dell'arte Di Calimala
Stemma (plural stemmata) may refer to: * In stemmatics, an approach to textual criticism, a stemma or stemma codicum is a diagram showing the relationships of the various versions of a text to earlier versions or manuscripts * Tree-like diagrams representing sentence structure and syntax created by Lucien Tesnière * Coat of arms or arms in the Italian language *A family tree or recorded genealogy * Stemmata A simple eye (sometimes called a pigment pit) refers to a form of eye or an optical arrangement composed of a single lens and without an elaborate retina such as occurs in most vertebrates. In this sense "simple eye" is distinct from a multi-l ...

Scali (bank)
The Scali were one of the three leading Florentine banking families in the Middle Ages. Alongside their competitors ( Bardi and Peruzzi), they grew from local cloth traders and deposit bankers to international financiers during the 13th century. By the beginning of the 14th century, the Scalis had become the mightiest commercial house in Italy. In 1326, they abruptly went bankrupt and the company disappeared. Rise of the family The Scali or Scala company had been created in the early years of the 13th century and quickly rose to an important position (one member of the family became consul in 1215). They were members the anti-imperial Guelph movement and in 1248 purged their house of its Ghibelline supporters. Their ''loggia'' was located close to the Palazzo Bartolini Salimbeni). Even though they were initially involved in textile production and trade, they eventually achieved continental preeminence in the fields of finance and banking. Like many Italian banks of the time, the ...
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Black Death
The Black Death (also known as the Pestilence, the Great Mortality or the Plague) was a bubonic plague pandemic occurring in Western Eurasia and North Africa from 1346 to 1353. It is the most fatal pandemic recorded in human history, causing the deaths of people, peaking in Europe from 1347 to 1351. Bubonic plague is caused by the bacterium ''Yersinia pestis'' spread by fleas, but it can also take a secondary form where it is spread by person-to-person contact via aerosols causing septicaemic or pneumonic plagues. The Black Death was the beginning of the second plague pandemic. The plague created religious, social and economic upheavals, with profound effects on the course of European history. The origin of the Black Death is disputed. The pandemic originated either in Central Asia or East Asia before spreading to Crimea with the Golden Horde army of Jani Beg as he was besieging the Genoese trading port of Kaffa in Crimea (1347). From Crimea, it was most likely carried ...
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Palazzo Spini Feroni
Palazzo Spini Ferroni is a large Gothic palace located along Via de' Tornabuoni at the corner of Piazza Santa Trinita, in central Florence, region of Tuscany, Italy. It stands across from the church of Santa Trinita. History The palace was commissioned in 1289 by the rich cloth merchant and banker Geri Spini, on plots that he had bought after the 1288 flood of the Arno, from the monks of Santa Trinita. At the time, it was the largest privately owned palazzo in Florence, rivaling in size the contemporary Palazzo Vecchio, the seat of government of the Republic. The design of Palazzo Spini Feroni has been attributed to list of architects including Arnolfo di Cambio or Arnolfo's father, Lapo Tedesco. The edifice's original appearance can be seen in Ghirlandaio's frescoes in the Sassetti Chapel of the neighbouring church of Santa Trinita. Built during a turbulent medieval century in the city, noted for internecine conflict between families, the palace is a fortress-like stone bl ...
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Palazzo Canigiani, Florence
The Palazzo Canigiani, initially built as ''Palazzo Bardi-Larioni'', and later also known as ''Canigiani-Guigni'' is a Neoclassic-style palace located in Via de' Bardi 28 in the quartiere of Santo Spirito in central Florence, region of Tuscany, Italy. History Part of the site was once occupied by the Palazzo Larioni de' Bardi, and the ancient hospital of the Church of Santa Lucia dei Magnoli. From various buildings, a larger domicile had been constructed by 1283. At this early palace was born Eletta de' Canigiani, the mother of Petrarch. In 1465, the bankrupt Bardi sold the palace to the Canigiani. Between 1819 and 1838, Tommaso Giugni, who had married the last heir of the Canigiani, refurbished the structure, both the interiors and facade, in a neoclassical style. That reconstruction included the destruction of a 17th-century fresco depicting an encounter between Saints Dominic and Francis that occurred in the hospital. However, there is no historical documentation of this encount ...
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Torre Dei Pulci
The Torre dei Pulci is a historical tower in Florence, Italy. The tower was the residence of the Pulci family in medieval and Renaissance times, including poet Luigi Pulci. It was in origin a purely defensive tower, which was enlarged until it became a sort of ''palazzetto'' or small residential palace. Since 1933 it has been the seat of the Accademia dei Georgofili. In 1993 it was severely damaged by a mafia bombing, which caused the death of five people (including one of the Academy's scholars) and also damaged the nearby Uffizi The Uffizi Gallery (; it, Galleria degli Uffizi, italic=no, ) is a prominent art museum located adjacent to the Piazza della Signoria in the Historic Centre of Florence in the region of Tuscany, Italy. One of the most important Italian museums .... The tower was rebuilt, but it was decided to use different materials for the remade part, as a sign of the tragic event. In front of the tower is now a symbolic peace olive tree. Sources * {{Coor ...
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Andrea Dei Mozzi
Andrea dei Mozzi (died 1296) was an Italian bishop, from the Mozzi family of bankers. He was a papal chaplain, for Pope Alexander IV and Pope Gregory IX. He was then appointed as Archbishop of Florence in 1287. He was transferred by Pope Boniface VIII to Vicenza, in 1295, in a scandal that made him a character in Dante Dante Alighieri (; – 14 September 1321), probably baptized Durante di Alighiero degli Alighieri and often referred to as Dante (, ), was an Italian people, Italian Italian poetry, poet, writer and philosopher. His ''Divine Comedy'', origin ...'s '' The Inferno''. He had a nephew of the same name. Notes {{DEFAULTSORT:Mozzi, Andrea dei 1296 deaths Roman Catholic archbishops of Florence 13th-century Italian Roman Catholic archbishops Year of birth unknown ...
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Peruzzi
The Peruzzi were bankers of Florence, among the leading families of the city in the 14th century, before the rise to prominence of the Medici. Their modest antecedents stretched back to the mid 11th century, according to the family's genealogist Luigi Passerini, but a restructuring of the Peruzzi company in 1300, with an infusion of outside capital, marked the start of a quarter-century of prosperity that brought the family consortium to the forefront of Florentine affairs. Patronage Semi-public patronage reaffirmed the Peruzzi status in Florence: in his will in 1299, Donato di Arnoldo Peruzzi left money for a memorial chapel in a transept of the Basilica of Santa Croce, Florence. It was probably his grandson Giovanni di Rinieri Peruzzi who was Giotto's patron in frescoing the walls with murals honoring John the Evangelist and John the Baptist, which Giotto executed, starting in 1313. For economic historians, the surviving account books of the Peruzzi from the years 1335–1 ...
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Pazzi
The Pazzi were a noble Florentine family. Their main trade during the fifteenth century was banking. In the aftermath of the Pazzi conspiracy in 1478, members of the family were banished from Florence and their property was confiscated; the family name and coat-of-arms were permanently suppressed by order of the Signoria. History The traditional story is that the family was founded by Pazzo di Ranieri, first man over the walls during the Siege of Jerusalem of 1099, during the First Crusade, who returned to Florence with flints supposedly from the Holy Sepulchre, which were kept at Santi Apostoli and used on Holy Saturday to re-kindle fire in the city. The historical basis of this legend has been in question since the work of in the mid-nineteenth century. The first apparently historical figure in the family is the who was a captain of the Florentine (Guelph) cavalry at the battle of Montaperti on 4 September 1260, and whose hand was treacherously severed by , causing ...
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Cerchi Family
The Florentine banking family of the Cerchi, minor nobles of the Valdarno, with a seat especially at Acone near Pontassieve, settled in Florence in the early thirteenth century and increased their fortunes. The family became the heads of a consortium of the prominent Guelfs that securely controlled Florence after the battle of Benevento in 1266. In Florence, the Cerchi purchased some of the ancient structures in the closely packed inner city formerly belonging to the counts Guidi, cheek-by-jowl with the proud Florentine family of the Donati, with whom their growing mutual antagonism was expressed in violent episodes that polarized Florence within a couple of decades in a virtual civil war that aligned behind two captains, Corso Donati of the ''Neri'' Guelf faction— the "Black" Guelfs of the old noble oligarchy— and Vieri de' Cerchi of the ''Bianchi'', the moderate party that represented itself as champions of working people (the ''magri''). The resulting violence lasted, wi ...
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Bardi Family
The House of Bardi was an influential Florentine family that started the powerful banking company Compagnia dei Bardi. In the 14th century the Bardis lent Edward III of England 900,000 gold florins, a debt which he failed to repay along with 600,000 florins borrowed from the Peruzzi family, leading to the collapse of both families' banks. During the 15th century the Bardi family continued to operate in various European centres, playing a notable role in financing some of the early voyages of discovery to America including those by Christopher Columbus and John Cabot. History The nobility of the Bardi family has been documented since the year 1164, when Emperor Friedrich Barbarossa relinquished the county of Vernio to Count Alberto along with “the right to confer the noble title on his descendents.”. Countess Margherita, the last of Alberto's line, sold Vernio to her son-in-law, Piero de’ Bardi. Alberto's property included "a castle and nine communes" located 22 miles f ...
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Elite
In political and sociological theory, the elite (french: élite, from la, eligere, to select or to sort out) are a small group of powerful people who hold a disproportionate amount of wealth, privilege, political power, or skill in a group. Defined by the ''Cambridge Dictionary'', the "elite" are "those people or organizations that are considered the best or most powerful compared to others of a similar type." American sociologist C. Wright Mills states that members of the elite accept their fellows' position of importance in society. "As a rule, 'they accept one another, understand one another, marry one another, tend to work, and to think, if not together at least alike'." It is a well-regulated existence where education plays a critical role. Universities in the US Youthful upper-class members attend prominent preparatory schools, which not only open doors to such elite universities as Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and the University of Pennsylvania, but also to the universit ...
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