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Arnoux System
The Arnoux system is a train articulation system, for turning on railroad tracks, invented by Jean-Claude-Républicain Arnoux and patented in France in 1838. Arnoux was the chief engineer of the Ligne de Sceaux which was originally built with very tight radii in the area around Sceaux, Hauts-de-Seine. With the support of the French Academy of Sciences, Arnoux devised a new articulation system that allowed train wheels to turn, the ("Arnoux rail system"), and the Ligne de Sceaux was built to test his prototypes. The line started commercial use in 1846. But the operating cost and the use of a broad gauge of meant it was not taken up more widely. Invention of the bogie made it redundant. It was abandoned entirely by 1893. System Problem When steam railways were in their infancy, trains comprised a steam locomotive and one or more railway carriages with two fixed axles. As speeds increased, this design caused significant wear to the track and instability in the track ballast. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flange
A flange is a protruded ridge, lip or rim (wheel), rim, either external or internal, that serves to increase shear strength, strength (as the flange of an iron beam (structure), beam such as an I-beam or a T-beam); for easy attachment/transfer of contact force with another object (as the flange on the end of a pipe (fluid conveyance), pipe, steam cylinder, etc., or on the lens mount of a camera); or for stabilizing and guiding the movements of a machine or its parts (as the inside flange of a railroad car, rail car or tram train wheel, wheel, which keep the wheels from derailment, running off the rail profile, rails). Flanges are often attached using bolts in the pattern of a bolt circle. The term "flange" is also used for a kind of tool used to form flanges. Plumbing or piping A flange can also be a plate or ring to form a rim at the end of a pipe when fastened to the pipe (for example, a closet flange). A blind flange is a plate for covering or closing the end of a pipe. A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cleminson's Patent
A bogie ( ) (in some senses called a truck in North American English) is a chassis or framework that carries a wheelset, attached to a vehicle—a modular subassembly of wheels and axles. Bogies take various forms in various modes of transport. A bogie may remain normally attached (as on many railroad cars and semi-trailers) or be quickly detachable (as the dolly in a road train or in railway bogie exchange); it may contain a suspension within it (as most rail and trucking bogies do), or be solid and in turn be suspended (as most bogies of tracked vehicles are); it may be mounted on a swivel, as traditionally on a railway carriage or locomotive, additionally jointed and sprung (as in the landing gear of an airliner), or held in place by other means (centreless bogies). In Scotland, the term is used for a child’s (usually home-made) wooden cart. While ''bogie'' is the preferred spelling and first-listed variant in various dictionaries, bogey and bogy are also used. Rai ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fontenay-aux-Roses
Fontenay-aux-Roses () is a Communes of France, commune in the southwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located from the Kilometre Zero, center of Paris. In 1880 a girls school École Normale Supérieure was opened in the town. It was one of the most prestigious of Paris and even of whole France in term of scientific research. It became a mixed school in 1986, and was relocated to Lyon in 2000. Fontenay is the location of the Commissariat à l'énergie atomique, and former location of the first French nuclear reactor, Zoé (reactor), Zoé, and the first French tokamak, tokamak fusion experiment, Tokamak de Fontenay aux Roses, TFR. Name The commune name originates from a local spring-fed stream (Latin ''fons'', French ''fontaine'') in the hillside descending from the Châtillon plateau, with "of roses" added to distinguish this commune from numerous French communes named Fontenay. Climate The climate of Fontenay-aux-Roses is oceanic gradient. The observation stations u ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sceaux (Hauts-de-Seine)
Sceaux () is a commune in the Hauts-de-Seine department in the southern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located from the centre of Paris. In 2019, Sceaux had a population of 20,004. A wealthy city Sceaux is famous for the Château de Sceaux, set in its large park (''Parc départemental de Sceaux''), designed by André Le Nôtre, measuring . The original ''château'' was transformed into a School of Agriculture during the Revolution and lost much of its luster. It was demolished at the beginning of the 19th century following its sale by the then French government. Sceaux castle was originally built by Jean-Baptiste Colbert, the minister of finance to Louis XIV and purchased by Louis' illegitimate son, the Duke of Maine in 1699. His duchesse held court in a glittering salon at Sceaux in the first decades of the eighteenth century. The present-day château, rebuilt between 1856 and 1862 in a Louis XIII style, is now the museum of Île-de-France open for visits. Housing costs are ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bourg-la-Reine
Bourg-la-Reine () is a commune in the southern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located from the center of Paris. History In 1792, during the French Revolution, Bourg-la-Reine (meaning "Town of the Queen") was renamed Bourg-l'Égalité (meaning "Equality borough"). The name Bourg-la-Reine was restored in 1812. Population The inhabitants are called ''Réginaburgiens''. Wesh ptn ils sont tous morts en 2022 bande de gigolos! C’est comme l’Australie Bourg la reine n’existe pas wesh les gars vous êtes ouf!!! Transport Bourg-la-Reine is served by Bourg-la-Reine station on Paris RER line B. Education Public schools in the commune include: *Preschools: École de la Fontaine-Grelot, École Etienne-Thieulin-la-Faïencerie, École des Bas-Coquarts *Elementary schools: École République, École Etienne-Thieulin-la-Faïencerie, École Pierre-Loti [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arcueil
Arcueil () is a commune in the Val-de-Marne department in the southern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located from the center of Paris. Name The name Arcueil was recorded for the first time in 1119 as ''Arcoloï'', and later in the 12th century as ''Arcoïalum'', meaning "place of the arches" (Latin radical ''arcus'', "arch", and Celtic suffix ''-ialo'', "clearing, glade", "place of"), in reference to the Roman aqueduct carrying water to the Roman city of ''Lutetia'' (modern Paris). Still standing, the arches of the Roman aqueduct are still visible since the Middle Ages, crossing the Bièvre valley near Arcueil. History Between 1613 and 1624 a bridge-aqueduct over 1300 ft. long was constructed to convey water from the spring of Rungis, south of Arcueil, across the river Bièvre to the Luxembourg Palace in Paris. Between 1868 and 1872 another aqueduct, still longer, was superimposed above that of the 17th century, forming part of the system conveying water from th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Balloon Loop
A balloon loop, turning loop, or reversing loop ( North American Terminology) allows a rail vehicle or train to reverse direction without having to shunt or stop. Balloon loops can be useful for passenger trains and unit freight trains. Balloon loops are common on tram and streetcar systems. Many streetcar and tram systems use single-ended vehicles that have doors on only one side and controls at only one end. These systems may also haul trailers with no controls in the rear car, and, as such, must be turned at each end of the route. History Balloon loops were first introduced on tram and, later, metro lines. They did not commonly appear on freight railways until the 1960s, when the modernising British Rail system introduced '' merry-go-round'' (MGR) coal trains that operated from mines to power stations and back again without shunting. Tramways On the former Sydney tram system, loops were used from 1881 until the second-generation system's closure in 1961. Initia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gare De Denfert-Rochereau
Gare de Denfert-Rochereau is a railway station in Paris. It was one of the first stations of the French railway network, and is still in use as a station of Paris' RER line B. The station was built from 1842 and opened on 7 June 1846 as the ''Gare d'Enfer'' (or ''Gare de Paris-d'Enfer''), after the nearby Place d'Enfer (now called the Place Denfert-Rochereau), itself named after the Barrière d'Enfer. The station building had a circular shape as it possessed a rail loop. Indeed, the station was the Parisian terminus of a line from Sceaux. The Ligne de Sceaux used the Arnoux system (after its inventor), as it required the construction of specific engines capable of travelling on very tight curves and broad gauge tracks of . The Arnoux system was abandoned in 1891 and the line was converted to (standard) gauge. The line was extended to Luxembourg station in 1895, with the newly created Port-Royal station along the way. At the same time, the station was renamed after Pierre Ph ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paris
Paris () is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. Since the 17th century, Paris has been one of the world's major centres of finance, diplomacy, commerce, fashion, gastronomy, and science. For its leading role in the arts and sciences, as well as its very early system of street lighting, in the 19th century it became known as "the City of Light". Like London, prior to the Second World War, it was also sometimes called the capital of the world. The City of Paris is the centre of the Île-de-France region, or Paris Region, with an estimated population of 12,262,544 in 2019, or about 19% of the population of France, making the region France's primate city. The Paris Region had a GDP of €739 billion ($743 billion) in 2019, which is the highest in Europe. According to the Economist Intelli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
François Arago
Dominique François Jean Arago ( ca, Domènec Francesc Joan Aragó), known simply as François Arago (; Catalan: ''Francesc Aragó'', ; 26 February 17862 October 1853), was a French mathematician, physicist, astronomer, freemason, supporter of the Carbonari revolutionaries and politician. Early life and work Arago was born at Estagel, a small village of 3,000 near Perpignan, in the ' of Pyrénées-Orientales, France, where his father held the position of Treasurer of the Mint. His parents were François Bonaventure Arago (1754–1814) and Marie Arago (1755–1845). Arago was the eldest of four brothers. Jean (1788–1836) emigrated to North America and became a general in the Mexican army. Jacques Étienne Victor (1799–1855) took part in Louis de Freycinet's exploring voyage in the ''Uranie'' from 1817 to 1821, and on his return to France devoted himself to his journalism and the drama. The fourth brother, Étienne Vincent (1802–1892), is said to have collaborated with Ho ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
