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Arctoparmelia Incurva
''Arctoparmelia'' is a genus of ring lichens in the family Parmeliaceae. The genus was circumscribed by American lichenologist Mason Hale in 1986 with '' A. centrifuga'' (formerly in ''Xanthoparmelia'') as the type species. Hale included five species in his original conception of the genus; the Siberian species '' A. collatolica'' was added in 2019. Species *''Arctoparmelia aleuritica'' (Nyl.) Hale (1986) *'' Arctoparmelia centrifuga'' (concentric ring lichen) (L.) Hale (1986) *''Arctoparmelia collatolica ''Arctoparmelia'' is a genus of ring lichens in the family Parmeliaceae. The genus was circumscribed by American lichenologist Mason Hale in 1986 with '' A. centrifuga'' (formerly in ''Xanthoparmelia'') as the type species. Hale included ...'' Chesnokov & Prokopiev (2019) *'' Arctoparmelia incurva'' (finger ring lichen) (Pers.) Hale (1986) *'' Arctoparmelia separata'' (rippled ring lichen) (Th. Fr.) Hale (1986) *'' Arctoparmelia subcentrifuga'' (abrading rin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arctoparmelia Centrifuga
''Arctoparmelia centrifuga'' or the concentric ring lichen is a species of ring lichen belonging to the family Parmeliaceae. Synonym: * ''Lichen centrifugus'' L. (= basionym In the scientific name of organisms, basionym or basyonym means the original name on which a new name is based; the author citation of the new name should include the authors of the basionym in parentheses. The term "basionym" is used in both botan ...) References Lichen species Parmeliaceae Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus {{Parmeliaceae-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lichen
A lichen ( , ) is a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi species in a mutualistic relationship.Introduction to Lichens – An Alliance between Kingdoms . University of California Museum of Paleontology. Lichens have properties different from those of their component organisms. They come in many colors, sizes, and forms and are sometimes plant-like, but are not s. They may have tiny, leafless branches (); flat leaf-like structures ( |
Lecanorales Genera
The Lecanorales are an order of mostly lichen-forming fungi belonging to the class Lecanoromycetes in the division Ascomycota. The order contains 26 families, 269 genera, and 5695 species. Families * Aphanopsidaceae * Biatorellaceae * Brigantiaeaceae * Bruceomycetaceae * Carbonicolaceae * Catillariaceae * Cladoniaceae * Crocyniaceae * Dactylosporaceae * Gypsoplacaceae * Haematommataceae * Lecanoraceae * Malmideaceae * Pachyascaceae * Parmeliaceae * Pilocarpaceae * Psilolechiaceae * Psoraceae * Ramalinaceae * Ramboldiaceae * Scoliciosporaceae * Sphaerophoraceae * Stereocaulaceae * Tephromelataceae * Vezdaeaceae Genera of uncertain placement There are several genera in the Lecanorales that have not been placed with certainty into any family. These are: *'' Coronoplectrum'' – 1 sp. *'' Ivanpisutia'' – 1 sp. *'' Joergensenia'' – 1 sp. *'' Myochroidea'' – 4 spp. *'' Neopsoromopsis'' – 1 sp. *''Psoromella ''Psoromella'' is a genus of lichenized fungi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lichen Genera
A lichen ( , ) is a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi species in a mutualistic relationship.Introduction to Lichens – An Alliance between Kingdoms . University of California Museum of Paleontology. Lichens have properties different from those of their component organisms. They come in many colors, sizes, and forms and are sometimes plant-like, but are not s. They may have tiny, leafless branches (); flat leaf-like structures ( |
Type Species
In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen(s). Article 67.1 A similar concept is used for suprageneric groups and called a type genus. In botanical nomenclature, these terms have no formal standing under the code of nomenclature, but are sometimes borrowed from zoological nomenclature. In botany, the type of a genus name is a specimen (or, rarely, an illustration) which is also the type of a species name. The species name that has that type can also be referred to as the type of the genus name. Names of genus and family ranks, the various subdivisions of those ranks, and some higher-rank names based on genus names, have such types. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xanthoparmelia
''Xanthoparmelia'' (commonly known as green rock shields or rock-shield lichens) is a genus of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae.Field Guide to California Lichens, Stephen Sharnoff, Yale University Press, 2014, ''Xanthoparmelia'' is synonymous with ''Almbornia'', ''Neofuscelia'', ''Chondropsis'', ''Namakwa'', ''Paraparmelia'', and ''Xanthomaculina''. This genus of lichen is commonly found in the United States, as well as Australia, New Zealand and Ecuador. The name means 'golden yellow parmelia'. The photobiont (photosynthetic partner) is ''Trebouxia'' (a genus of green algae). Identification Distinguishing between species involves how much they are attached to the substrate, whether or not isidia are present, lower surface color, and chemical spot tests. All members of the genus react to spot test as K-, KC+ yellow, with medulla reaction varying from species to species. Species Species include: * ''Xanthoparmelia chlorochroa'' * '' Xanthoparmelia conspersa'' (''Parme ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Circumscription (taxonomy)
In biological taxonomy, circumscription is the content of a taxon, that is, the delimitation of which subordinate taxa are parts of that taxon. If we determine that species X, Y, and Z belong in Genus A, and species T, U, V, and W belong in Genus B, those are our circumscriptions of those two genera. Another systematist might determine that T, U, V, W, X, Y, and Z all belong in genus A. Agreement on circumscriptions is not governed by the Codes of Zoological or Botanical Nomenclature, and must be reached by scientific consensus. A goal of biological taxonomy is to achieve a stable circumscription for every taxon. This goal conflicts, at times, with the goal of achieving a natural classification that reflects the evolutionary history of divergence of groups of organisms. Balancing these two goals is a work in progress, and the circumscriptions of many taxa that had been regarded as stable for decades are in upheaval in the light of rapid developments in molecular phylogenetics ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parmeliaceae
The Parmeliaceae is a large and diverse family of Lecanoromycetes. With over 2700 species in 71 genera, it is the largest family of lichen-forming fungi. The most speciose genera in the family are the well-known groups: '' Xanthoparmelia'' ( 822 species), ''Usnea'' (355 species), ''Parmotrema'' ( 255 species), and ''Hypotrachyna'' (262 species). Nearly all members of the family have a symbiotic association with a green alga (most often ''Trebouxia'' spp., but '' Asterochloris'' spp. are known to associate with some species).Miadlikowska, J. ''et al.'' (2006). New insights into classification and evolution of the Lecanoromycetes (Pezizomycotina, Ascomycota) from phylogenetic analyses of three ribosomal RNA- and two protein-coding genes. ''Mycologia'' 98: 1088-1103. http://www.mycologia.org/cgi/reprint/98/6/1088.pdf The majority of Parmeliaceae species have a foliose, fruticose, or subfruticose growth form. The morphological diversity and complexity exhibited by this group is en ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family (taxonomy), family. In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial species name for each species within the genus. :E.g. ''Panthera leo'' (lion) and ''Panthera onca'' (jaguar) are two species within the genus ''Panthera''. ''Panthera'' is a genus within the family Felidae. The composition of a genus is determined by taxonomy (biology), taxonomists. The standards for genus classification are not strictly codified, so different authorities often produce different classifications for genera. There are some general practices used, however, including the idea that a newly defined genus should fulfill these three criteria to be descriptively useful: # monophyly – all descendants ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mason Hale
Mason Ellsworth Hale, Jr. (September 23, 1929 – April 23, 1990) was one of the most prolific lichenologists of the 20th century. Many of his scholarly articles focused on the taxonomy of the family Parmeliaceae. Hale was one of the first lichen experts to incorporate secondary chemistry and technology such as computers and scanning electron microscopy into taxonomic work. Mason Hale published approximately two hundred articles and books on various aspects of lichen biology including taxonomy, anatomy, chemistry, and ecology. Hale also wrote several books aimed at education and increasing accessibility to lichens. Early life and education Mason Hale Jr. grew up on a farm outside of Winsted, Connecticut. He had an affinity towards biology from experiences from living on his family's farm. As an undergraduate, Hale wanted to be a linguist, but was not able to take specialized classes. Instead, he earned an undergraduate degree studying biology at Yale University, where he studied ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arctoparmelia Subcentrifuga
''Arctoparmelia'' is a genus of ring lichens in the family Parmeliaceae. The genus was circumscribed by American lichenologist Mason Hale in 1986 with '' A. centrifuga'' (formerly in ''Xanthoparmelia'') as the type species. Hale included five species in his original conception of the genus; the Siberian species '' A. collatolica'' was added in 2019. Species *''Arctoparmelia aleuritica'' (Nyl.) Hale (1986) *'' Arctoparmelia centrifuga'' (concentric ring lichen) (L.) Hale (1986) *''Arctoparmelia collatolica'' Chesnokov & Prokopiev (2019) *''Arctoparmelia incurva ''Arctoparmelia'' is a genus of ring lichens in the family Parmeliaceae. The genus was circumscribed by American lichenologist Mason Hale in 1986 with '' A. centrifuga'' (formerly in ''Xanthoparmelia'') as the type species. Hale included ...'' (finger ring lichen) (Pers.) Hale (1986) *'' Arctoparmelia separata'' (rippled ring lichen) (Th. Fr.) Hale (1986) *'' Arctoparmelia subcentrifuga'' (abrading ring ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arctoparmelia Separata
''Arctoparmelia separata'', commonly known as the rippled ring lichen, is a species of foliose, ring lichen in the family Parmeliaceae with a roughly circumpolar distribution. Taxonomy The lichen was first described scientifically by Theodor Magnus Fries in 1879 as a species of '' Parmelia''. Mason Hale transferred it to ''Xanthoparmelia'' in 1974. In 1986, Hale segregated five ''Xanthoparmelia'' species to the newly-created genus '' Arctoparmelia'' in 1986. This group of species, including ''X. separata'', is characterized by the velvety, ivory-white to purplish colour of the lower surface of the thallus, the presence of alectoronic acid, and a geographical range restricted to arctic or boreal locations. ''Arctoparmelia separata'' is commonly known as the rippled ring lichen. Description ''Arctoparmelia separata'' resembles the more common '' Arctoparmelia centrifuga'', but is distinguished from that species by the dull mouse-grey colour of its lower surface, and it ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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