|
Apportionment By Country
Apportionment by country describes the practices used in various democratic countries around the world for partitioning seats in the parliament among districts or parties. See apportionment (politics) for the general principles and issues related to apportionment. Australia The Australian House of Representatives consists of 151 single-member seats, referred to as ''constituencies'', ''electorates'', or ''electoral divisions''. Seats are apportioned between the states and territories according to a formula based on population, but each state is constitutionally guaranteed a minimum of five seats. Tasmania is the only state affected by this clause; as such, while electorates in other states average around 105,000 to 125,000 voters, Tasmania's electorates average around 73,000 to 80,000 voters. Federal electoral boundaries are regulated by the Australian Electoral Commission (AEC), which regularly redistributes seats and boundaries to reflect changes in population. Since 1974, fe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apportionment (politics)
Apportionment is the process by which seats in a legislative body are distributed among administrative divisions, such as states or parties, entitled to representation. This page presents the general principles and issues related to apportionment. The page Apportionment by country describes specific practices used around the world. The page Mathematics of apportionment describes mathematical formulations and properties of apportionment rules. The simplest and most universal principle is that elections should give each voter's intentions equal weight. This is both intuitive and stated in laws such as the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (the Equal Protection Clause). However, there are a variety of historical and technical reasons why this principle is not followed absolutely or, in some cases, as a first priority. Common problems Fundamentally, the representation of a population in the thousands or millions by a reasonable size, thus accountable govern ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Australian Electoral System
The Australian electoral system comprises the laws and processes used for the election of members of the Australian Parliament and is governed primarily by the ''Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918''. The system presently has a number of distinctive features including compulsory enrolment; compulsory voting; majority- preferential instant-runoff voting in single-member seats to elect the lower house, the House of Representatives; and the use of the single transferable vote proportional representation system to elect the upper house, the Senate.Scott Bennett and Rob Lundie'Australian Electoral Systems' ''Research Paper'' no. 5, 2007–08, Department of the Parliamentary Library, Canberra. The timing of elections is governed by the Constitution and political conventions. Generally, elections are held approximately every three years and are conducted by the independent Australian Electoral Commission (AEC). Conduct of elections Federal elections, by-elections and referendums are c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Northern Ireland (European Parliament Constituency)
Northern Ireland ( ga, Tuaisceart Éireann ; Ulster-Scots: ') was a constituency of the European Parliament from 1979 until the UK exit from the European Union on 31 January 2020. It elected three MEPs using the single transferable vote, making it the only constituency in the United Kingdom which did not use party-list proportional representation. Boundaries The constituency covered the entirety of Northern Ireland, a constituent country of the United Kingdom. It was the only constituency in the United Kingdom the boundaries of which remained unchanged from the first direct election in 1979 until the UK left the European Union in 2020. Members of the European Parliament {, class="wikitable" !Year !colspan=2, Member !Party !colspan=2, Member !Party !colspan=2, Member !Party , - , 1979 , rowspan=6 bgcolor=, , rowspan=5, Ian Paisley , rowspan=6, Democratic Unionist , rowspan=5 bgcolor=, , rowspan=5, John Hume , rowspan=5, , rowspan=7 bgcolor=, , rowspan=2, John Taylor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
European Parliament Constituency
Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) are elected by the population of the member states of the European Union (EU). The European Electoral Act 2002 allows member states the choice to allocate electoral subdivisions or constituencies (, , , ) for the European Parliament elections in several different ways. Most EU countries operate a single national constituency which elects MEPs for the whole country. Belgium and Ireland are each subdivided into constituencies, with electoral results calculated separately in each constituency. Germany, Italy and Poland are each subdivided into electoral districts, with the number of representatives determined at the national level after each election in proportion to the votes cast in each district. In Germany, political parties are entitled to present lists of candidates either at Länder or national level. France was subdivided into 8 constituencies from 2004 until 2019. Denmark had a separate constituency for Greenland until 1985, w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Treaties Of The European Union
The Treaties of the European Union are a set of international treaties between the European Union (EU) member states which sets out the EU's constitutional basis. They establish the various EU institutions together with their remit, procedures and objectives. The EU can only act within the competences granted to it through these treaties and amendment to the treaties requires the agreement and ratification (according to their national procedures) of every single signatory. Two core functional treaties, the Treaty on European Union (originally signed in Maastricht in 1992, aka The Maastricht Treaty) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (originally signed in Rome in 1957 as the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, aka The Treaty of Rome), lay out how the EU operates, and there are a number of satellite treaties which are interconnected with them. The treaties have been repeatedly amended by other treaties over the 65 years since they were first si ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Member Of The European Parliament
A Member of the European Parliament (MEP) is a person who has been elected to serve as a popular representative in the European Parliament. When the European Parliament (then known as the Common Assembly of the ECSC) first met in 1952, its members were directly appointed by the governments of member states from among those already sitting in their own national parliaments. Since 1979, however, MEPs have been elected by direct universal suffrage. Earlier European organizations that were a precursor to the European Union did not have MEPs. Each member state establishes its own method for electing MEPs – and in some states this has changed over time – but the system chosen must be a form of proportional representation. Some member states elect their MEPs to represent a single national constituency; other states apportion seats to sub-national regions for election. They are sometimes referred to as delegates. They may also be known as observers when a new country is seekin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Degressive Proportionality
Degressive proportionality is an approach to the allocation (between regions, states or other subdivisions) of seats in a legislature or other decision-making body. Degressive proportionality means that while the subdivisions do not each elect an equal number of members, smaller subdivisions are allocated more seats than would be allocated strictly in proportion to their population. This is an alternative to, for instance, * Each subdivision electing the same number of members (as in the US Senate), * Each subdivision electing a number of members strictly proportional to its population (as in the US House of Representatives). Degressive proportionality is intermediate between those two approaches. As a term it does not describe any one particular formula. Uses Germany Each German state has three to six seats in the Bundesrat of Germany depending on its population. This means the least populous state, Bremen (with 663,000 inhabitants), has three seats while the most populous o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
European Parliament
The European Parliament (EP) is one of the legislative bodies of the European Union and one of its seven institutions. Together with the Council of the European Union (known as the Council and informally as the Council of Ministers), it adopts European legislation, following a proposal by the European Commission. The Parliament is composed of 705 members (MEPs). It represents the second-largest democratic electorate in the world (after the Parliament of India), with an electorate of 375 million eligible voters in 2009. Since 1979, the Parliament has been directly elected every five years by the citizens of the European Union through universal suffrage. Voter turnout in parliamentary elections decreased each time after 1979 until 2019, when voter turnout increased by eight percentage points, and rose above 50% for the first time since 1994. The voting age is 18 in all EU member states except for Malta and Austria, where it is 16, and Greece, where it is 17. Although the E ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apportionment In The European Parliament
The apportionment of seats within the European Parliament to each member state of the European Union is set out by the EU treaties. According to European Union treaties, the distribution of seats is " degressively proportional" to the population of the member states, with negotiations and agreements between member states playing a role. Thus the allocation of seats is not strictly proportional to the size of a state's population, nor does it reflect any other automatically triggered or fixed mathematical formula. The process can be compared to the composition of the electoral college used to elect the President of the United States of America in that, ''pro rata'', the smaller state received more places in the electoral college than the more populous states. Since the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the EU in 2020, the number of MEPs, including the president, is 705. The maximum number allowed by the Lisbon Treaty is 751. Background When the Parliament was established ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fair Representation Act (Canada)
The ''Fair Representation Act'' was an act of the Parliament of Canada and was passed by the 41st Canadian Parliament in 2011. The Act was introduced as Bill C-20 with the long title ''An Act to amend the Constitution Act, 1867, the Electoral Boundaries Readjustment Act and the Canada Elections Act''. The legislation amended the ''Constitution Act, 1867'' and modified the redistricting process contained within it. Amendments affecting proportionate representation between the provinces, require support of seven provinces representing at least 50% of the population of Canada. Because the ''Fair Representation Act'' did not affect the proportionate representation of the provinces, it was passed without approval of the provinces. The legislation could be passed by the Parliament of Canada alone, under section 44 of the Constitution Act, 1982. In 2012, the federal electoral redistribution was conducted using the amended formula introduced by the ''Fair Representation Act''. It i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Charlottetown (electoral District)
Charlottetown (formerly Hillsborough) is a federal electoral district in Prince Edward Island, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 2004. The district, which includes the entire City of Charlottetown, has an area of 46 km2 and a population of 34,562 as of 2011. Hillsborough was formed in 1966 (from the old Queen's (Prince Edward Island electoral district). It elected its first MP in 1968. It was re=drawn and re-named Charlottetown in 2003. Demographics * Ethnic groups: 97.2% White * Languages: 94.8% English, 2.1% French, 2.5% Other * Religions: 47.7% Catholic, 39.5% Protestant, 2.5% Other Christian, 8.3% no affiliation * Average income: $26,205 :''According to the Canada 2016 Census'' * Twenty most common mother tongue languages (2016) : 86.8% English, 3.7% Mandarin, 2.1% French, 1.3% Arabic, 0.6% Nepali, 0.4% Cantonese, 0.4% Spanish, 0.4% Tagalog, 0.3% Farsi, 0.3% Russian, 0.2% Dutch, 0.2% Vietnamese, 0.2% Albanian, 0.2% Korean His ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
.svg "Click for more on -> European Parliament")
