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Antarès (OPd-56-39-22D)
The Antarès (OPd-56-39-22D) was a French multistage rocket designed by ONERA for reentry studies. In the late 1950s, the study of missile warhead reentry necessitated the development of a more robust rocket than the existing OR, VD and OPd series. The Antarès rocket, designated OPd-56-39-22D during its developmental phase, was designed to facilitate the study of kinetic heating on objects flying at speeds up to Mach number, Mach 7. Description Measuring 12.2 meters in length and boasting a takeoff weight of up to 1785 kg, the rocket consisted of four stages. Three of these stages were ignited in an upward trajectory, reaching altitudes of up to 150 km, while the fourth stage accelerated the payload during its descent. Utilizing all four stages during ascent, Antares had the capability to send a payload of 35 kg to an altitude of 280 km. The first stage featured a SEPR 734-1 Vesuve motor with a diameter of 56 cm and a length of 3.5 m, delivering a tota ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antarès Rocket
Antarès is an indoor sporting arena that is located in Le Mans, France. The arena is located inside the Circuit de la Sarthe, home of the famous 24 Hours of Le Mans, and adjacent to the first right kink on the Mulsanne Straight. The seating capacity of the arena, which was inaugurated in 1995, is 6,023 people when configured for basketball games.Capacité d'Amphitéa : de à History Antarès has been used as the home arena of the Le Mans Sarthe Basket professional basketball team of the French LNB Pro A league. It served as one of the host arenas for the FIBA EuroBasket 1999. See also * List of indoor arenas in France The following is a list of Arena, indoor arenas in France with a capacity of at least 2,500 spectators, most of the arenas in this list are for multi use proposes and are used for popular sports such as individual sports like karate, judo, boxing ... References External linksOfficial Site Indoor arenas in France Basketball venues in France Sports ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Multistage Rocket
A multistage rocket or step rocket is a launch vehicle that uses two or more rocket ''stages'', each of which contains its own engines and propellant. A ''tandem'' or ''serial'' stage is mounted on top of another stage; a ''parallel'' stage is attached alongside another stage. The result is effectively two or more rockets stacked on top of or attached next to each other. Two-stage rockets are quite common, but rockets with as many as five separate stages have been successfully launched. By jettisoning stages when they run out of propellant, the mass of the remaining rocket is decreased. Each successive stage can also be optimized for its specific operating conditions, such as decreased atmospheric pressure at higher altitudes. This ''staging'' allows the thrust of the remaining stages to more easily accelerate the rocket to its final velocity and height. In serial or tandem staging schemes, the first stage is at the bottom and is usually the largest, the second stage and subse ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ONERA
The Office National d'Études et de Recherches Aérospatiales ( English: National office for aerospace studies and research) or ONERA, dubbed ''The French Aerospace Lab'' in English, is the French national aerospace research center. Originally founded as the ''Office National d’Études et de Recherches Aéronautiques'' (National Office for Aeronautical Studies and Research) in 1946, it was relabeled in 1963. It is France's leading research center in aerospace and defense. It covers all disciplines and technologies in the field. Numerous high-profile French and European aerospace programs have passed through the ONERA since its creation including the Ariane family of launch vehicles, the Concorde supersonic airliner, the Dassault Mirage family of fighter aircraft and the Rafale, the Dassault Falcon family of business jets, Aérospatiale and later Airbus projects, missiles, engines, radars and many more. Under the supervision of the Ministry of the Armed Forces, it is a p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reentry
Atmospheric entry (sometimes listed as Vimpact or Ventry) is the movement of an object from outer space into and through the gases of an atmosphere of a planet, dwarf planet, or natural satellite. Atmospheric entry may be ''uncontrolled entry,'' as in the entry of astronomical objects, space debris, or bolides. It may be ''controlled entry'' (or ''reentry'') of a spacecraft that can be navigated or follow a predetermined course. Methods for controlled atmospheric ''entry, descent, and landing'' of spacecraft are collectively termed as ''EDL''. Objects entering an atmosphere experience atmospheric drag, which puts mechanical stress on the object, and aerodynamic heating—caused mostly by compression of the air in front of the object, but also by drag. These forces can cause loss of mass (ablation) or even complete disintegration of smaller objects, and objects with lower compressive strength can explode. Objects have reentered with speeds ranging from 7.8 km/s for l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mach Number
The Mach number (M or Ma), often only Mach, (; ) is a dimensionless quantity in fluid dynamics representing the ratio of flow velocity past a boundary to the local speed of sound. It is named after the Austrian physicist and philosopher Ernst Mach. \mathrm = \frac, where: * is the local Mach number, * is the local flow velocity with respect to the boundaries (either internal, such as an object immersed in the flow, or external, like a channel), and * is the speed of sound in the medium, which in air varies with the square root of the thermodynamic temperature. By definition, at Mach1, the local flow velocity is equal to the speed of sound. At Mach0.65, is 65% of the speed of sound (subsonic), and, at Mach1.35, is 35% faster than the speed of sound (supersonic). The local speed of sound, and hence the Mach number, depends on the temperature of the surrounding gas. The Mach number is primarily used to determine the approximation with which a flow can be treated as an i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mélanie (rocket)
Mélanie is a French solid rocket motor, 16 cm in diameter, initially used as first stage of the Monica rocket. There are two versions, Mélanie and ''"2Mélanie"'' (exact name unknown) : The first version was used on Monica I, II and IVA; while the improved ''"2Melanie"'', with twice the propellant, was used on Monica III, IVB and V. Melanie was later used in several ATEF and ONERA rockets. In the ONERA rockets, such as Daniel, Antarès and Berenice, Melanie was placed inside a 22 cm diameter cylindrical housing. This version delivered a total impulse of 48 kN.s with about 22 kilograms of propellant. See also * Bèrènice * Antarès (OPd-56-39-22D) * Veronique (rocket) * French space program The French space program includes both commercial spaceflight, civil and military spaceflight activities. It is the third oldest national space program in the world, after the Soviet space program, Soviet (now Roscosmos, Russian) and Space policy ... References ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CERES Ile Du Levant
CERES ("Centre d'Essais et de Recherches d'Engins Spéciaux" for "''Special Weapons Research and Tests Center"'') Ile du Levant was a French suborbital rocket launch site, located at Levant Island, Ile du Levant, and active between 1956 and 1968. CERES played a pivotal role in testing a wide array of tactical missiles used in France, as well as conducting tests for sounding rockets on behalf of CNES and European Space Research Organisation, ESRO. Additionally, the center was involved in experiments with ONERA and Société d'étude et de réalisation d'engins balistiques, SEREB experimental vehicles, solidifying its significance in the realm of missile research and testing. History In the early 1950s, a military missile test site was established at the French naval base on the Ile du Levant, an offshore island in the Mediterranean near Toulon. Known as CERES, it replaced a beach site at Pampelonne used for launches since 1948. This facility served as a Naval Air Force base thro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Centre Interarmées D'essais D'engins Spéciaux
The Centre Interarmées d'Essais d'Engins Spéciaux (CIEES, ) was France's first space launch and ballistic missile testing facility. Outside France, the facility is often referred to by the name of the nearest town, Hammaguir. It was established on 24 April 1947, by ministerial decree as the Special Weapons Test Center (CEES, ''Centre d'essais d'engins spéciaux'') for use by the French Army. In 1948, it was turned over to the French Air Force, who renamed it CIEES. Its remote location in the middle of the Saharan Desert and its relative closeness to the Equator (compared with Metropolitan France) made it an attractive launch site for missiles and orbital rockets. History The origins of CIEES and the French missile and space program date to the end of the Second World War. On 12 June 1945, less than a month after V-E Day, the War Department ordered the study of self-propelled projectiles (rockets). On 13 August, the Directorate of Studies and Manufactures of Armaments (DEFA) p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bérénice (rocket)
Bérénice was the designation of a four-stage French atmospheric reentry test rocket, developed by O.N.E.R.A. (''Office National d'Etudes et de Recherches Aérospatiales''). Description Bérénice was long, possessed a diameter of and weighed at launch. The takeoff thrust of Bérénice, which could carry a payload of to a height of , amounted to . The first stage, a SEPR-739 ''Stromboli'', was stabilised by four SEPR-P167 rockets developing . The second stage consisted of a SEPR-740 ''Stromboli'', almost identical to the first stage. The third stage was a SEPR-P200 ''Tramontane'' and the fourth stage comprised a '' Mélanie'' rocket and payload. Launches The twelve production rockets, Bérénice 001 to Bérénice 012, were launched by ONERA from Ile du Levant from 1962 to 1966. See also * Tibère (rocket) * Antarès (OPd-56-39-22D) * Mélanie (rocket) * Veronique (rocket) * French space program The French space program includes both commercial spaceflight, c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French Space Program
The French space program includes both commercial spaceflight, civil and military spaceflight activities. It is the third oldest national space program in the world, after the Soviet space program, Soviet (now Roscosmos, Russian) and Space policy of the United States, American space programs, and the largest space program in Europe. Background Space travel has long been a significant ambition in French culture. From the Gobelins Manufactory, Gobelins' 1664 tapestry representing a space rocket, to Jules Verne's 1865 novel ''From the Earth to the Moon'' and George Méliès' 1902 film ''A Trip to the Moon'', space and rocketry were present in French society long before the technological means appeared to allow the development of a space exploration program. During the late 18th century, Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier, Jacques Charles and the Montgolfier brothers are seen as worldwide precursors and explorers of aeronautics, with the world record altitude then reached by a human a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
