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Amplicon Sequence Variant
An amplicon sequence variant (ASV) is any one of the inferred single DNA sequences recovered from a high-throughput analysis of marker genes. Because these analyses, also called "amplicon reads," are created following the removal of erroneous sequences generated during PCR and sequencing, using ASVs makes it possible to distinguish sequence variation by a single nucleotide change. The uses of ASVs include classifying groups of species based on DNA sequences, finding biological and environmental variation, and determining ecological patterns. ASVs were first described in 2013, by Eren and colleagues. Before that, for many years the standard unit for marker-gene analysis was the operational taxonomic unit An Operational Taxonomic Unit (OTU) is an operational definition used to classify groups of closely related individuals. The term was originally introduced in 1963 by Robert R. Sokal and Peter H. A. Sneath in the context of numerical taxonomy, w ... (OTU), which is generated by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marker Gene
In biology, a marker gene may have several meanings. In nuclear biology and molecular biology, a marker gene is a gene used to determine if a nucleic acid sequence has been successfully inserted into an organism's DNA. In particular, there are two sub-types of these marker genes: a selectable marker and a marker for screening. In metagenomics and phylogenetics, a marker gene is an Sequence_homology#Orthology, orthologous gene group which can be used to delineate between taxonomic lineages. Selectable marker A selectable marker protects the organism from a ''selective agent'' that would normally kill it or prevent its growth. In a transformation reaction, depending on the transformation efficiency, only one in several million to billion cells may take up DNA. Rather than checking every single cell, scientists use a selective agent to kill all cells that do not contain the foreign DNA, leaving only the desired ones. Antibiotics are the most common selective agents. In bacteria, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polymerase Chain Reaction
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a method widely used to rapidly make millions to billions of copies (complete or partial) of a specific DNA sample, allowing scientists to take a very small sample of DNA and amplify it (or a part of it) to a large enough amount to study in detail. PCR was invented in 1983 by the American biochemist Kary Mullis at Cetus Corporation; Mullis and biochemist Michael Smith (chemist), Michael Smith, who had developed other essential ways of manipulating DNA, were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1993. PCR is fundamental to many of the procedures used in genetic testing and research, including analysis of Ancient DNA, ancient samples of DNA and identification of infectious agents. Using PCR, copies of very small amounts of DNA sequences are exponentially amplified in a series of cycles of temperature changes. PCR is now a common and often indispensable technique used in medical laboratory research for a broad variety of applications ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nucleotide
Nucleotides are organic molecules consisting of a nucleoside and a phosphate. They serve as monomeric units of the nucleic acid polymers – deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), both of which are essential biomolecules within all life-forms on Earth. Nucleotides are obtained in the diet and are also synthesized from common nutrients by the liver. Nucleotides are composed of three subunit molecules: a nucleobase, a five-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and a phosphate group consisting of one to three phosphates. The four nucleobases in DNA are guanine, adenine, cytosine and thymine; in RNA, uracil is used in place of thymine. Nucleotides also play a central role in metabolism at a fundamental, cellular level. They provide chemical energy—in the form of the nucleoside triphosphates, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), guanosine triphosphate (GTP), cytidine triphosphate (CTP) and uridine triphosphate (UTP)—throughout the cell for the many cellular func ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Operational Taxonomic Unit
An Operational Taxonomic Unit (OTU) is an operational definition used to classify groups of closely related individuals. The term was originally introduced in 1963 by Robert R. Sokal and Peter H. A. Sneath in the context of numerical taxonomy, where an "Operational Taxonomic Unit" is simply the group of organisms currently being studied. In this sense, an OTU is a pragmatic definition to group individuals by similarity, equivalent to but not necessarily in line with classical Linnaean taxonomy or modern evolutionary taxonomy. Nowadays, however, the term "OTU" is commonly used in a different context and refers to clusters of (uncultivated or unknown) organisms, grouped by DNA sequence similarity of a specific taxonomic marker gene (originally coined as mOTU; molecular OTU). In other words, OTUs are pragmatic proxies for "species" (microbial or metazoan) at different taxonomic levels, in the absence of traditional systems of biological classification as are available for macroscopi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
OTU Errors
Otu or OTU may refer to: * Otu: ** Otu, Iran, a village in Mazandaran Province, Iran ** Otu, Siga, Japan ** Otú Airport, an airport in the village of Otú and serving the town of Remedios, Colombia * OTU: ** Ontario Tech University, a postsecondary institution in Ontario, Canada ** Operational taxonomic unit, in biology ** Operational Training Unit (Royal Air Force) ** Optical channel Transport Unit, a layer of the Optical Transport Network ** Oxygen toxicity unit, a measure of exposure to a toxic concentration of oxygen in breathing gas. People with the name *Michael Otu (1925–2006), senior commander in the Ghana Air Force See also *Otu Jeremi Otu-Jeremi is a town in Ughelli South LGA of Delta State, Nigeria Nigeria ( ), , ig, Naìjíríyà, yo, Nàìjíríà, pcm, Naijá , ff, Naajeeriya, kcg, Naijeriya officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country in West A ..., a town in Ughelli South LGA of Delta State, Nigeria * Otu barrage, a masonry we ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ASV Errors
The following meanings of the abbreviation ASV are known to Wikipedia: * Adaptive servo-ventilation, a treatment for sleep apnea * Air-to-Surface Vessel radar (also "anti-surface vessel"), aircraft-mounted radars used to find ships and submarines * American Society for Virology * American Standard Version, a translation of the Bible released in 1901 * Amplicon sequence variant, a term used to refer to individual DNA sequences recovered from a high-throughput marker gene analysis * Anodic stripping voltammetry, a voltammetric method for quantitative determination of specific ionic species * Armeesportvereinigung Vorwärts, a former East Germany military sports club * M1117 Armored Security Vehicle, an armored fighting vehicle produced by Textron * Asociación de Scouts de Venezuela, the Scouts Association of Venezuela * Astronomical Society of Victoria, Australia * ASV Records, a UK record label * Autonomous Surface Vehicle * Vatican Secret Archives , seal = Seal of the Vatican ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Operational Taxonomic Units
An operational definition specifies concrete, replicable procedures designed to represent a construct. In the words of American psychologist S.S. Stevens (1935), "An operation is the performance which we execute in order to make known a concept." For example, an operational definition of "fear" (the construct) often includes measurable physiologic responses that occur in response to a perceived threat. Thus, "fear" might be operationally defined as specified changes in heart rate, galvanic skin response, pupil dilation, and blood pressure. Overview An operational definition is designed to model or represent a concept or theoretical definition, also known as a construct. Scientists should describe the operations (procedures, actions, or processes) that define the concept with enough specificity such that other investigators can replicate their research. Operational definitions are also used to define system states in terms of a specific, publicly accessible process of preparation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amplicon Sequence Variants
An amplicon sequence variant (ASV) is any one of the inferred single DNA sequences recovered from a high-throughput analysis of marker genes. Because these analyses, also called "amplicon reads," are created following the removal of erroneous sequences generated during PCR and sequencing, using ASVs makes it possible to distinguish sequence variation by a single nucleotide change. The uses of ASVs include classifying groups of species based on DNA sequences, finding biological and environmental variation, and determining ecological patterns. ASVs were first described in 2013, by Eren and colleagues. Before that, for many years the standard unit for marker-gene analysis was the operational taxonomic unit An Operational Taxonomic Unit (OTU) is an operational definition used to classify groups of closely related individuals. The term was originally introduced in 1963 by Robert R. Sokal and Peter H. A. Sneath in the context of numerical taxonomy, w ... (OTU), which is generated by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
