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Amarna Letter EA 75
Amarna letter EA 75, titled: ''"Political Chaos"'', is a short to moderate length letter from Rib-Hadda, who wrote the largest number of Amarna letters in a corpus linguistics, sub-corpus, from the city-state of Byblos; Byblos contained an Ancient Egyptian colony, and was aligned with a few neighboring townsites. EA 75 is damaged with a few lines missing on the ''Bottom, Obverse'', and parts of line endings, and beginnings, but the topic of the letter is extensive — explaining the conflict with 'Apiru/Habiru and also major Great King states of the region (Hatti(Hattusa) and Mitanni). After a short ''Introduction to the Pharaoh'', the dire straits of the city-state are related. Possessions are sold in Yarimuta to stay alive, and the Habiru warfare has reduced the town's people to conduct daily life: "...My field is "a wife without a husband", lacking in cultivation." The Amarna letters, about 300, numbered up to EA 382, are a mid 14th century BC, about 1360 BC and 30–35 y ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amarna Letter Fragment, From King Tushratta Of Mitanni To Queen Tiy (Teye) Of Egypt, Matching Fragment In British Museum - Oriental Institute Museum, University Of Chicago - DSC07018
Amarna (; ar, العمارنة, al-ʿamārnah) is an extensive Egyptian archaeological site containing the remains of what was the capital city of the late Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt, Eighteenth Dynasty. The city was established in 1346 BC, built at the direction of the Pharaoh Akhenaten, and abandoned shortly after his death in 1332 BC. The name that the ancient Egyptians used for the city is transliterated in English (language), English as Akhetaten or Akhetaton, meaning "akhet (hieroglyph and season), the horizon of the Aten".David (1998), p. 125 The site is on the east bank of the Nile River, in what today is the Egyptian province of Minya Governorate, Minya. It is about south of the city of Minya, Egypt, al-Minya, south of the Egyptian capital, Cairo, and north of Luxor (site of the previous capital, Thebes, Egypt, Thebes). The city of Deir Mawas lies directly to its west. On the east side of Amarna there are several modern villages, the chief of which are l-Till in the n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iq (cuneiform)
The cuneiform sign ik, (and iq), is a common-use sign of the Amarna letters, the ''Epic of Gilgamesh,'' and other cuneiform texts (for example Hittite texts). It has a common secondary use in the Amarna letters for ''"iq"'', for the spelling of Akkadian ''"qabû"'', for English ''"to speak"'', in dialogue to the pharaoh in the letters. Linguistically, it has the alphabetical usage in texts for ''k'', or ''q'', or ''g''. And a replacement for any of the four vowels, ''a, e, i, u''. ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' usage The ''ik'' sign usage in the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' is as follows: (''eg'', 2 times, ''ek'', 13, ''eq'', 2, ''ig'', 9, ''ik'', 51, ''iq'', 27, and ''IG'', 8 times). Gallery References * Parpola, 1971. ''The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh'', Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I thru Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, Cuneiform signs {{Writingsystem-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ad (cuneiform)
The cuneiform sign at, is a common-use sign of the Amarna letters, the ''Epic of Gilgamesh,'' and other cuneiform texts (for example Hittite texts). It has secondary uses in the Amarna letters for ''"ad"''. Linguistically, it has the alphabetical usage in texts for ''a'', (also the 4 vowels, a, e, i, u), and ''t'', and ''d''. ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' usage The ''at'' sign usage in the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' is as follows: (''ad'', 17 times, ''at'', 107, ''aṭ'', 15, and ''AD'', 15 times). Gallery References * Parpola, 1971. ''The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh'', Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I thru Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, Cuneiform signs {{Writingsystem-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ib (cuneiform)
The cuneiform sign ib, (or ip) is a common-use sign in the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'', the Amarna letters, and other cuneiform texts. Its common usage is syllabic for ''ib'' (or ''ip''), or alphabetic for ''i'' or ''b''/''p''; the "i" is also exchanged for "e" when spelling specific words in the Akkadian language. Cuneiform ''ib'' also can be found as sumerogram ''URTA'', (a capital letter (majuscule)), and for example it is used in the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' for the god's name: Ninurta, spelled DNIN.URTA. ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' usage Cuneiform ''ib'' has other sub-uses in the ''Epic of Gilgamesh''. The following can be found: ''eb''--(4) times, ''ep''--(9), ''ib''--(114), ''ip''--(45), and ''URTA''--(4) times. Similar cuneiform forms The cuneiform ''ib'' cuneiform character (no. 535) is built in a 'rectangular box form', sitting upon a long horizontal stroke. It contains the 2-verticals at right and 1-vertical at left. Three other signs are similarly built, cuneiform '' ur'' is t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ri (cuneiform)
300px, left, Cuneiform sign for ri, re, dal, tal, ṭal, and as Epic_of_Gilgamesh.html"_;"title="Sumerogram_RI,_(sign_uses_from_the_''Epic_of_Gilgamesh">Sumerogram_RI,_(sign_uses_from_the_''Epic_of_Gilgamesh''). File:Amarna_letter_mp3h8878.jpg.html" ;"title="Epic_of_Gilgamesh'')..html" ;"title="Epic_of_Gilgamesh.html" ;"title="Sumerogram RI, (sign uses from the '' Sumerogram_RI,_(sign_uses_from_the_''Epic_of_Gilgamesh'').">Epic_of_Gilgamesh.html"_;"title="Sumerogram_RI,_(sign_uses_from_the_''Epic_of_Gilgamesh">Sumerogram_RI,_(sign_uses_from_the_''Epic_of_Gilgamesh''). File:Amarna_letter_mp3h8878.jpg">thumb.html" ;"title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Sumerogram RI, (sign uses from the '' Epic_of_Gilgamesh.html"_;"title="Sumerogram_RI,_(sign_uses_from_the_''Epic_of_Gilgamesh">Sumerogram_RI,_(sign_uses_from_the_''Epic_of_Gilgamesh''). File:Amarna_letter_mp3h8878.jpg">thumb">right.html" ;"title="Epic of Gilgamesh'').">Epic_of_Gilgamesh.html" ;"title="Sumerogram RI, (sign uses from the ''Epic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diš (cuneiform)
Diš is a cuneiform sign represented by 𒁹 or . It has many uses in cuneiform texts, including in the ''Epic of Gilgamesh''. Description 𒁹 is a cuneiform sign. In Unicode, it is represented by U+12079 (DISH) Use of the vertical sign In the Amarna letters, it is commonly used to denote ''Male individuals''. (Women are denoted by sal (cuneiform), . ) The sign is also used to denote "numbers of items". The sign is used for 1. Examples of multiple uses in the Amarna letters, is to address the Pharaoh, often as ''"servant-yours, at 2 Feet, .. I bow."'' An example of multiple uses in the Amarna letters, often the bowing down is done: ''" .. 7 and 7 times (I bow) !"'', with seven small strokes as units of number "1". ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' usage In the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'', there are also uses for "diš", and "tiš". (In the Akkadian language, "d" & "t", are interchangeable (voiced vs unvoiced). The ''ana'', (''diš'') sign usage in the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' is as follows: ''a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Akkadian Language
Akkadian (, Akkadian: )John Huehnergard & Christopher Woods, "Akkadian and Eblaite", ''The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages''. Ed. Roger D. Woodard (2004, Cambridge) Pages 218-280 is an extinct East Semitic language that was spoken in ancient Mesopotamia ( Akkad, Assyria, Isin, Larsa and Babylonia) from the third millennium BC until its gradual replacement by Akkadian-influenced Old Aramaic among Mesopotamians by the 8th century BC. It is the earliest documented Semitic language. It used the cuneiform script, which was originally used to write the unrelated, and also extinct, Sumerian (which is a language isolate). Akkadian is named after the city of Akkad, a major centre of Mesopotamian civilization during the Akkadian Empire (c. 2334–2154 BC). The mutual influence between Sumerian and Akkadian had led scholars to describe the languages as a '' Sprachbund''. Akkadian proper names were first attested in Sumerian texts from around the mid 3rd- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amurru Kingdom , the Amorite deity
{{Disambig ...
Amurru may refer to: * Amurru kingdom, roughly current day western Syria and northern Lebanon * Amorite, ancient Syrian people * Amurru (god) Amurru, also known under the Sumerian name Martu, was a Mesopotamian god who served as the divine personification of the Amorites. In past scholarship it was often assumed that he originated as an Amorite deity, but today it is generally accepte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aziru
Aziru was the Canaanite ruler of Amurru, modern Lebanon, in the 14th century BC. He was the son of Abdi-Ashirta, the previous Egyptian vassal of Amurru and a direct contemporary of Akhenaten. The dealings of Aziru are well-known from the Amarna letters. While being a formal vassal of Egypt, he tried to expand his kingdom towards the Mediterranean coast and captured the city of Sumur (Simyrra). This was seen with alarm by his neighbouring states, particularly Rib-Hadda, the king of Gubla, (Byblos), who pleaded for Egyptian troops to be sent for their protection. Rib-Hadda was ultimately exiled—and probably not long afterwards killed—at the behest of Aziru. Rib-Hadda had left his city of Byblos for four months to conclude a treaty with the king of Beirut, Ammunira, but when he returned home, he learned that a palace coup led by his brother Ilirabih had unseated him from power. He temporarily sought refuge with Ammunira and unsuccessfully appealed for support from Egypt to r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pharaoh
Pharaoh (, ; Egyptian: '' pr ꜥꜣ''; cop, , Pǝrro; Biblical Hebrew: ''Parʿō'') is the vernacular term often used by modern authors for the kings of ancient Egypt who ruled as monarchs from the First Dynasty (c. 3150 BC) until the annexation of Egypt by the Roman Empire in 30 BC. However, regardless of gender, "king" was the term used most frequently by the ancient Egyptians for their monarchs through the middle of the Eighteenth Dynasty during the New Kingdom. The term "pharaoh" was not used contemporaneously for a ruler until a possible reference to Merneptah, c. 1210 BC during the Nineteenth Dynasty, nor consistently used until the decline and instability that began with the Twenty-Fifth Dynasty. In the early dynasties, ancient Egyptian kings had as many as three titles: the Horus, the Sedge and Bee ( ''nswt-bjtj''), and the Two Ladies or Nebty ( ''nbtj'') name. The Golden Horus and the nomen and prenomen titles were added later. In Egyptian society, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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