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Alexanders Saga
''Alexanders saga'' is an Old Norse translation of ''Alexandreis'', an epic Latin poem about the life of Alexander the Great written by Walter of Châtillon, which was itself based on Quintus Curtius Rufus's ''Historia Alexandri Magni''. It is attributed in manuscripts of the saga to Brandr Jónsson, bishop of Skálholt who is also said to have been responsible for authoring Gyðinga saga. Kirsten Wolf has commented on the saga's literary qualities thus: "''Alexanders saga'' ..has stirred the admiration of scholars and writers for centuries because of its exceptionally imaginative use of the resources of language and its engaging narrative style." Manuscripts ''Alexanders saga'' is preserved in five medieval Icelandic manuscripts and a number of later manuscripts, of which only Stock. Papp. fol. no. 1 has independent textual value. The main manuscript source of the text is AM 519a 4to, dating from 1270-1290. A fragment of the saga appears in AM 655 XXIX 4to which dates from the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Old Norse
Old Norse, Old Nordic, or Old Scandinavian, is a stage of development of North Germanic languages, North Germanic dialects before their final divergence into separate Nordic languages. Old Norse was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and their Viking expansion, overseas settlements and chronologically coincides with the Viking Age, the Christianization of Scandinavia and the consolidation of Scandinavian kingdoms from about the 7th to the 15th centuries. The Proto-Norse language developed into Old Norse by the 8th century, and Old Norse began to develop into the modern North Germanic languages in the mid-to-late 14th century, ending the language phase known as Old Norse. These dates, however, are not absolute, since written Old Norse is found well into the 15th century. Old Norse was divided into three dialects: Old West Norse, ''Old West Norse'' or ''Old West Nordic'' (often referred to as ''Old Norse''), Old East Norse, ''Old East Norse'' or ''Old East Nordic'', and ''Ol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alexandreis
The ''Alexandreis'' (or ''Alexandreid'') is a medieval Latin epic poem by Walter of Châtillon, a 12th-century French writer and theologian. It gives an account of the life of Alexander the Great, based on Quintus Curtius Rufus' ''Historia Alexandri Magni''. The poem was popular and influential in Walter's own times: according to Henry of Ghent, it was more popular than Virgil's ''Aeneid'' in thirteenth-century schools. Translations were made into Old Spanish (''Libro de Alexandre''), Middle Dutch (Jacob van Maerlant's ''Alexanders Geesten'') into Old Norse as the '' Alexanderssaga''; Matthew of Vendôme and Alan of Lille borrowed from it and Henry of Settimello imitated it, but it is now seldom read. One line is sometimes quoted: :''Incidis in Scyllam cupiens vitare Charybdim'' (You run into Scylla, desiring to avoid Charybdis) (V.301).Some versions have ''qui vult vitare....'' ("who wishes to avoid...") instead Verses from the poem are quoted by the Lion and the Unicorn in Aes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Latin
Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the Roman Republic it became the dominant language in the Italian region and subsequently throughout the Roman Empire. Even after the fall of Western Rome, Latin remained the common language of international communication, science, scholarship and academia in Europe until well into the 18th century, when other regional vernaculars (including its own descendants, the Romance languages) supplanted it in common academic and political usage, and it eventually became a dead language in the modern linguistic definition. Latin is a highly inflected language, with three distinct genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter), six or seven noun cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, ablative, and vocative), five declensions, four verb conjuga ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alexander The Great
Alexander III of Macedon ( grc, wikt:Ἀλέξανδρος, Ἀλέξανδρος, Alexandros; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the Ancient Greece, ancient Greek kingdom of Macedonia (ancient kingdom), Macedon. He succeeded his father Philip II of Macedon, Philip II to the throne in 336 BC at the age of 20, and spent most of his ruling years conducting a lengthy military campaign throughout Western Asia and ancient Egypt, Egypt. By the age of thirty, he had created one of the List of largest empires, largest empires in history, stretching from Greece to northwestern Historical India, India. He was undefeated in battle and is widely considered to be one of history's greatest and most successful military commanders. Until the age of 16, Alexander was tutored by Aristotle. In 335 BC, shortly after his assumption of kingship over Macedon, he Alexander's Balkan campaign, campaigned in the Balkans and reasserted control ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Walter Of Châtillon
Walter of Châtillon ( Latinized as Gualterus de Castellione) was a 12th-century French writer and theologian who wrote in the Latin language. He studied under Stephen of Beauvais and at the University of Paris. It was probably during his student years that he wrote a number of Latin poems in the Goliardic manner that found their way into the ''Carmina Burana'' collection. During his lifetime, however, he was more esteemed for a long Latin epic on the life of Alexander the Great, the ''Alexandreis, sive Gesta Alexandri Magni'', a hexameter epic, full of anachronisms; he depicts the Crucifixion of Jesus as having already taken place during the days of Alexander the Great. The ''Alexandreis'' was popular and influential in Walter's own times. Matthew of Vendôme and Alan of Lille borrowed from it and Henry of Settimello imitated it, but it is now seldom read. One line, referring to Virgil's Aeneid, is sometimes quoted: :: Many poems in his style, or borrowing his themes, have ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quintus Curtius Rufus
Quintus Curtius Rufus () was a Roman historian, probably of the 1st century, author of his only known and only surviving work, ''Historiae Alexandri Magni'', "Histories of Alexander the Great", or more fully ''Historiarum Alexandri Magni Macedonis Libri Qui Supersunt'', "All the Books That Survive of the Histories of Alexander the Great of Macedon." Much of it is missing. Apart from his name on the manuscripts, nothing else certain is known of him. This fact alone has led philologists to believe that he had another historical identity, to which, due to the accidents of time, the link has been broken. A few theories exist. They are treated with varying degrees of credibility by various authors. Meanwhile, the identity of Quintus Curtius Rufus, historian, is maintained separately. The historical ''alter ego'' Curtius' work is uniquely isolated. No other ancient work refers to it, or as far as is known, to him. Peter Pratt pointing out that the Senate and emperors frequently proscri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diocese Of Skálholt
The Diocese of Skálholt ( is, Skálholtsbiskupa ) is a suffragan diocese of the Church of Iceland. It was the estate of the first bishop in Iceland, Isleifr Gizurarson, who became bishop in 1056. (Christianity had been formally adopted in 1000). His son, Gizurr, donated it to become the official see. The Diocese was amalgamated in 1801 and now forms part of the Diocese of Iceland under the leadership of the Bishop of Iceland. In 1909 the diocese was restored as a suffragan see, with the Bishop of Skálholt being a suffragan bishop to the Bishop of Iceland. Roman Catholic * 1056–1080: Ísleifur Gissurarson * 1082–1118: Gissur Ísleifsson * 1118–1133: Þorlákur Runólfsson * 1134–1148: Magnús Einarsson * 1152–1176: Klængur Þorsteinsson * 1178–1193: St. Þorlákur helgi Þórhallsson * 1195–1211: Páll Jónsson * 1216–1237: Magnús Gissurarson * 1238–1268: Sigvarður Þéttmarsson (Norwegian) * 1269–1298: Árni Þorláksson * 1304–1320: Árni Helgaso ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gyðinga Saga
''Gyðinga saga'' (Saga of the Jews) is an Old Norse account of Jewish history compiled from translations of a number of Latin texts. Beginning with an account of Alexander the Great, Alexander the Great's conquests, it proceeds to cover around 220 years of Jewish history from Antiochus IV Epiphanes, Antiochus IV Epiphanes's accession in 175 BCE to Pontius Pilate becoming procurator of Judaea in 26 CE. The main manuscript source for ''Gyðinga saga'' concludes with an epilogue which attributes its translation into Old Norse to Brandr Jónsson (d. 1264), bishop of List of bishops of Hólar, Hólar. In this manuscript ''Gyðinga saga'' follows ''Alexanders saga'', which is also attributed to Brandr Jónsson. The saga is untitled in AM 226 fol; the name ''Gyðinga saga'' appears to date from the 19th century. Árni Magnússon referred to it as both 'Historia Judaica' and 'Historia Maccabees, Macchabeorum'. Etymology ''Gyðinga'' is the Old Norse genitive case, genitive plural of ''G ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stjórn
Stjórn is the name given to a collection of Old Norse translations of Old Testament historical material dating from the 14th century, which together cover Jewish history from Genesis through to II Kings. Despite the collective title, Stjórn is not a homogeneous work. Rather, it consists of three separate works which vary in date and context, labelled Stjórn I, II and III by scholar I.J. Kirby.Kirby, I. J. (1986) Bible Translation in Old Norse, Genève: University of Lausanne, Publications de la Faculté des Lettres XXVII p. 51 Stjórn I covers Genesis to Exodus 18 with much additional material from Peter Comestor and Vincent Beauvais.Kirby, I. J. (1986) Bible Translation in Old Norse, Genève: Université de Lausanne, Publications de la Faculté des Lettres XXVII pp. 52-3 Stjórn II completes the Pentateuch; it is based closely on the text of the Vulgate but is significantly abbreviated. Stjórn III treats Joshua to the Exile with some abbreviation and expansion and uses both ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rómverja Saga
''Rómverja saga'' (The Saga of the Romans) in an Old Norse-Icelandic translation of three Latin historical texts: Sallust's ''Bellum Iugurthinum'' and '' Coniuratio Catilinae'' and Lucan's ''Pharsalia''. It gives an account of Roman history from the Jugurthine War (112 BCE) to the death of Augustus (14 CE). This combination of sources is unique in medieval literature. Along with ''Breta sögu''r, ''Veraldar saga'' and ''Trójumanna saga'', it represent the earliest phase of translation of secular works into Old Norse-Icelandic. ''Rómverja saga'' exists in two versions: an older and longer, but poorly preserved version in AM 595a-b 4to; and a younger, abridged version in AM 226 fol, copied in AM 225 fol. There are close parallels between sections of ''Veraldar saga'' and ''Rómverja saga''. Hofmann proposed that ''Veraldar saga'' takes its Roman history from ''Rómverja saga''. Þorbjörg Helgadóttir instead considers that the two sagas both used the same Latin sources: Sallust ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Epistola Alexandri Ad Aristotelem
The ''Epistola Alexandri ad Aristotelem'' ("Letter of Alexander to Aristotle") is a purported letter from Alexander the Great to the philosopher Aristotle concerning his adventures in India. Although accepted for centuries as genuine, it is today regarded as apocryphal. It is the primary source for most of the tales of the marvellous and fabulous found in later Alexander traditions. Textual history The ''Epistola'' was composed in Greek. The original version may have adhered more closely to historical fact than later versions. An abridged version, including much fabulous material, was incorporated into the '' Alexander Romance'' no later than the third century AD. In the Greek alpha recension of the ''Romance'', the letter is chapter 17 of book III. The ''Epistola'' was widely translated and circulated both with the various versions of the ''Romance'' and independently of it. In some later Greek recensions of the ''Romance'', the letter is switched from the first person to the t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Old Norse Literature
Old Norse literature refers to the vernacular literature of the Scandinavian peoples up to c. 1350. It chiefly consists of Icelandic writings. In Britain From the 8th to the 15th centuries, Vikings and Norse settlers and their descendants colonised parts of what is now modern Scotland. Some Old Norse poetry survives relating to this period. The '' Orkneyinga saga'' (also called the ''History of the Earls of Orkney'') is a historical narrative of the history of the Orkney Islands, from their capture by the Norwegian king in the ninth century onwards until about 1200. 20th-century poet George Mackay Brown was influenced by the saga, notably for his 1973 novel ''Magnus''. The Icelandic ''Njáls saga'' includes actions taking place in Orkney and Wales. Besides these Icelandic sagas a few examples, sometimes fragmentary, of Norse poetry composed in Scotland survive. Among the runic inscriptions at Maeshowe is a text identified as irregular verse. Scandinavian cultural contacts in the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
