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Alevism
Alevism (; ; ) is a syncretic heterodox Islamic tradition, whose adherents follow the mystical Islamic teachings of Haji Bektash Veli, who taught the teachings of the Twelve Imams, whilst incorporating some traditions from shamanism. Differing from Sunni Islam and Usuli Twelver Shia Islam, Alevis have no binding religious dogmas, and teachings are passed on by a ''dede'' "spiritual leader" as with Sufi orders. They acknowledge the six articles of faith of Islam, but may differ regarding their interpretation. They have faced significant institutional stigma from the Ottoman and later Turkish state and academia, being described as heterodox to contrast them with the "orthodox" Sunni majority. The term “Alevi-Bektashi” is currently a widely and frequently used expression in the religious discourse of Turkey as an umbrella term for the two religious groups of Alevism and Bektashism. Adherents of Alevism are found primarily in Turkey and estimates of the percentage o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Haqq–Muhammad–Ali
Haqq–Muhammad–Ali is a mystical communion doctrine in Alevism that involves Haqq (‘Truth’ referring to the divine nature of Allah), Muhammad ('Yol' or Sunnah referring to the Jem (Alevism)) and Ali (‘ Nūr’ referring to the Awliya). The concept of Ittihad in Alevism In Alevi thought there are three creative principles: the latent breath called Haqq or ''Allah''; the prototypal human which is made up of active and passive principles called Yol, Sunnah or ''Muhammad'' (the Jem); and the divine light called Nur expressed as ''Ali''. Communion (ittihad) in Alevism is not comparable with the Christian trinity, whose three personas are the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit nor with the tritheistic conceptions of Hinduism, with Brahma, Shiva and Vishnu (known as the Trimurti), and certainly not with polytheistic ancient Egypt in Osiris, Isis and Horus, one cannot accurately depict such examples as being representative of the Haqq–Muhammad–Ali communion (ittihad), ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dede (religious Figure)
A dede (also called dedebaba) is a socio-religious leader in the Islamic Alevi and non-Islamic Ishikism, Ishiki community. It is one of the 12 ranks of Imam in Alevism. The institution of dede is the most important of all the institutions integral to the social and religious organization of the Anatolian Alevis. Although much weakened as a result of the socio-economic transformation experienced in Anatolia towards the end of the nineteenth century, and particularly due to accelerated migration from the rural to the urban areas after the foundation of the Republic of Turkey, it played a primary role in the survival of Alevism until today. A descendant of a Dede is called a Alevi Hearths, Hearth. The institution of dedes is based on a three tiered hierarchy: # Murshid # Pir # Rehber (Alevism), Rehber In some regions this hierarchy is modified in such a way that the Pir and Murshid change places. This is exclusively a functional hierarchy, as all involved come from a dede family. T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cem (Alevism)
The central Alevi communal worship service is called a Jem, which is performed in special houses called as '' Cem Evi''. Alevi Muslims believe that the Jem has its roots in an original worship and teaching meeting of forty spiritual individuals ''Kirklar Majlisi'' (Turkish: ''Kırklar Meclisi'') led by Ali. It takes place in a '' Cem Evi'' Âyîn-i Cem ''(cem ceremony)'' The ceremony's supposed prototype is the narration about Muhammad's nocturnal ascent into heaven, where he beheld a gathering of forty saints (''Kırklar Meclisi''), and the Divine Reality made manifest in their leader, Ali. *During the ''"Jem ceremony"'' the '' Âşık' plays the Bağlama whilst singing spiritual songs, some of which are centuries old and well known amongst Alevis. Every song, called a ''Nefes'' has spiritual meaning and aims to teach the participants important lessons. One such song goes thus: :"Learn from your mistakes and be knowledgeable, :Don't look for faults in others, :Look at 73 d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Haji Bektash Veli
Haji Bektash Veli (; ; ; ) was an Islamic scholar, Mysticism, mystic, Wali, saint, sayyid, and philosopher from Greater Khorasan, Khorasan who lived and taught in Anatolia.C. Olsen: Celibacy and Religious Traditions. Oxford University Press. 1st Ed. 2007. [ Pg. 143–144] His original name was Sayyid Muhammad ibn Sayyid Ibrāhim Ātā. He is also referred to as the "Sultan of Hearts" and the "Dervish of the Dervishes". He is revered among Alevism, Alevis for an Islam, Islamic understanding that is Islamic Mysticism, esoteric, Rationalism, rational and Humanism, humanistic. Alevi and Bektashi Order, Bektashi Muslims believe the path of Bektash is the path of Haqq-Muhammad-Ali since they were the source of Bektash's teachings. He was one of the many figures who flourished in the Sultanate of Rum and had an important influence on the culture of Turkic nomads of Asia Minor. Identity Bektash is generally believed to be of Persian or Turkish origin. Bektash belonged to a group of K ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Buyruks
The Buyruks are a collection of spiritual books providing the basis of the Alevi value system. ''Buyruk'' means “command” or “order” in Turkish language, Turkish. Topics addressed in the Buyruks include müsahiplik ("spiritual brotherhood") and a wide range of Alevi stories and poems, including the story of Haji Bektash Veli. The ''Buyruks'' also contain Quranic verses, the sayings of Ali and the Twelve Imams, as well as sayings and songs written by Yunus Emre, Pir (Sufism), Pir Abdal Musa, Pir Sultan Abdal, and Ismail I, known by his pen name ''Khata'i''. Some ''Buyruks'' are attributed to Safi-ad-Din Ardabili, while others are attributed to Ja'far al-Sadiq. Authority The ''"Buyruks"'' include pillars which Dede (religious figure), dedes must uphold and Alevis must also generally adhere to the rules put forth in them. References External links Alevi.org {{Islam topics Alevism Religious texts ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Haji Bektash Veli Complex
The Haji Bektash Veli complex () is an Alevi Islamic Cultural Monument of the Republic of Turkey, located in Hacıbektaş, Nevşehir province. It was built in the 13th century as a teqe ''(dergâh)'' of the Sufi saint Haji Bektash Veli. After his death, his mausoleum was built here. Before the secularization of Turkey in 1925, the complex was home to the ''pir evi'' ("pir's house") of Haji Bektash Veli, which served as the international headquarters of the Bektashi Order. Secularization Atatürk's 1925 ban on all dervish orders caused the exodus of the Bektashi Order to Albania in 1925, and the complex was closed for religious use. As a result, the administrative seat of the Bektashi Order was shifted to the World Headquarters of the Bektashi in Tirana, Albania in 1930. The Haji Bektash Veli complex was later declared as museum in 1964. The teqe of the complex is thought to be the first "King type" teqe in Turkey. Tourism Nowadays, the Haji Bektash Veli Complex is visited ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Islam
Islam is an Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the Quran, and the teachings of Muhammad. Adherents of Islam are called Muslims, who are estimated to number Islam by country, 2 billion worldwide and are the world's Major religious groups, second-largest religious population after Christians. Muslims believe that Islam is the complete and universal version of a Fitra, primordial faith that was revealed many times through earlier Prophets and messengers in Islam, prophets and messengers, including Adam in Islam, Adam, Noah in Islam, Noah, Abraham in Islam, Abraham, Moses in Islam, Moses, and Jesus in Islam, Jesus. Muslims consider the Quran to be the verbatim word of God in Islam, God and the unaltered, final revelation. Alongside the Quran, Muslims also believe in previous Islamic holy books, revelations, such as the Torah in Islam, Tawrat (the Torah), the Zabur (Psalms), and the Gospel in Islam, Injil (Gospel). They believe that Muhammad in Islam ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sunni Islam
Sunni Islam is the largest Islamic schools and branches, branch of Islam and the largest religious denomination in the world. It holds that Muhammad did not appoint any Succession to Muhammad, successor and that his closest companion Abu Bakr () rightfully succeeded him as the caliph of the Muslim community, being appointed at the meeting of Saqifa. This contrasts with the Succession of ʿAlī (Shia Islam), Shia view, which holds that Muhammad appointed Ali, Ali ibn Abi Talib () as his successor. Nevertheless, Sunnis revere Ali, along with Abu Bakr, Umar () and Uthman () as 'Rashidun, rightly-guided caliphs'. The term means those who observe the , the practices of Muhammad. The Quran, together with hadith (especially the Six Books) and (scholarly consensus), form the basis of all Fiqh, traditional jurisprudence within Sunni Islam. Sharia legal rulings are derived from these basic sources, in conjunction with Istislah, consideration of Maslaha, public welfare and Istihsan, jur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Turkey
Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly located in Anatolia in West Asia, with a relatively small part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe. It borders the Black Sea to the north; Georgia (country), Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Iran to the east; Iraq, Syria, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south; and the Aegean Sea, Greece, and Bulgaria to the west. Turkey is home to over 85 million people; most are ethnic Turkish people, Turks, while ethnic Kurds in Turkey, Kurds are the Minorities in Turkey, largest ethnic minority. Officially Secularism in Turkey, a secular state, Turkey has Islam in Turkey, a Muslim-majority population. Ankara is Turkey's capital and second-largest city. Istanbul is its largest city and economic center. Other major cities include İzmir, Bursa, and Antalya. First inhabited by modern humans during the Late Paleolithic, present-day Turkey was home to List of ancient peoples of Anatolia, various ancient peoples. The Hattians ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Twelve Imams
The Twelve Imams (, '; , ') are the spiritual and political successors to the Islamic prophet Muhammad in the Twelver branch of Shia Islam, including that of the Alawite and Alevi. According to Twelver theology, the Twelve Imams are exemplary human individuals who not only rule over the community with justice, but also are able to keep and interpret '' sharia'' and the esoteric meaning of the Quran. The words and deeds of Muhammad and the imams are a guide and model for the community to follow; as a result, they must be free from error and sin (known as '' ismah'', or infallibility) and must be chosen by divine decree through Muhammad. Imamah It is believed in Twelver Shi’ism that the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his household are infallible, possessing '' Hikmah''. Their oppression and suffering served greater purposes and were a means of divine grace to their devotees. The Imams are also guided by preserved texts in their possession, such as al-Jafr, al-Jamia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sarı Saltık
Sarı Saltık (alternatively spelled as Sarı Saltuk and also referred as ''Sarı Saltuk Baba'' or ''Dede'', ; meaning 'the blonde', died 1297/98) was a 13th-century Alevi Turkish dervish, venerated as a saint by the Bektashi Sufi Muslims in the Balkans and parts of Middle East as well as the mainstream Sunni Muslim community. Historical figure According to 14th-century Moroccan traveller Ibn Battuta, Saltik was an "ecstatic devotee", although "things are told of him that are reproved by the Divine Law".Norris, ''Islam in the Balkans'', pp. 146-47. He is considered by various sources a disciple of Mahmud Hayran, of Haji Bektash Veli, or of one of the successors of Ahmed ar-Rifa'i. According to the 17th-century traveller Evliya Çelebi, his real name was Mehmed, and he was from Bukhara.Babinger, ''Ṣari Ṣaltik Dede'', p. 172 Early 20th-century historian Frederick Hasluck considered him a saint of a Tatar tribe from Crimea, which had brought his cult into Dobruja, from wher ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
University Of Leipzig
Leipzig University (), in Leipzig in Saxony, Germany, is one of the world's oldest universities and the second-oldest university (by consecutive years of existence) in Germany. The university was founded on 2 December 1409 by Frederick I, Elector of Saxony and his brother William II, Margrave of Meissen, and originally comprised the four scholastic faculties. Since its inception, the university has engaged in teaching and research for over 600 years without interruption. Famous alumni include Angela Merkel, Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Leopold von Ranke, Friedrich Nietzsche, Robert Schumann, Richard Wagner, Tycho Brahe, Georgius Agricola. The university is associated with ten Nobel laureates, most recently with Svante Pääbo who won the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 2022. History Founding and development until 1900 The university was modelled on the University of Prague, from which the German-speaking faculty members withdrew to Leipzi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
