|
Alba (poetry)
The ''alba'' (; "sunrise") is a genre of Old Occitan lyric poetry. It describes the longing of lovers who, having passed a night together, must separate for fear of being discovered. A common figure found in the ''alba'' is the ''guaita'' ("sentry" or "guard"), a friend who alerts the lovers when the hour has come to separate. The lovers often accuse the ''guaita'' of dozing, being inattentive or separating them too early. The lovers fear not just the lady's husband but also the ''lauzengiers'', the jealous rival. The following example, composed by an anonymous troubadour, describes the longing of a knight for his lady as they part company after a night of forbidden love. Though generally representative of the style, this particular verse uses an atypical strophic pattern. Under the influence of the Occitan troubadours, the Minnesingers developed a similar genre, the Tagelied, in Germany, and in northern France the trouvères developed an equivalent ''aube'' genre. The ''alba'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Genre
Genre () is any form or type of communication in any mode (written, spoken, digital, artistic, etc.) with socially-agreed-upon conventions developed over time. In popular usage, it normally describes a category of literature, music, or other forms of art or entertainment, whether written or spoken, audio or visual, based on some set of stylistic criteria, yet genres can be aesthetic, rhetorical, communicative, or functional. Genres form by conventions that change over time as cultures invent new genres and discontinue the use of old ones. Often, works fit into multiple genres by way of borrowing and recombining these conventions. Stand-alone texts, works, or pieces of communication may have individual styles, but genres are amalgams of these texts based on agreed-upon or socially inferred conventions. Some genres may have rigid, strictly adhered-to guidelines, while others may show great flexibility. Genre began as an absolute classification system for ancient Greek literature, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Raimbaut De Vaqueiras
__NOTOC__ Raimbaut de Vaqueiras or Vaqueyras ( fl. 1180 – 1207) was a Provençal troubadour and, later in his life, knight. His life was spent mainly in Italian courtsAmelia E. Van Vleck, ''The Lyric Texts'' p. 33, in ''Handbook of the Troubadours'' (1995), edited by F. R. P. Akehurst and Judith M. Davis. until 1203, when he joined the Fourth Crusade. His writings, particularly the so-called ''Epic Letter'', form an important commentary on the politics of the Latin Empire in its earliest years. Vaqueiras's works include a multilingual poem, ''Eras quan vey verdeyar'' where he used French, Italian, Galician-Portuguese and Gascon, together with his own Provençal. Vaqueiras was from Vacqueyras, near Orange. He spent most of his career as court poet and close friend of Boniface I of Montferrat, with whom he served in battle against the communes of Asti and Alessandria. Vaqueiras claimed he earned a knighthood through protecting Boniface with his shield in battle at Messina, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cobla Esparsa
A ''cobla esparsa'' ( literally meaning "scattered stanza") in Old Occitan is the name used for a single-stanza poem in troubadour poetry. They constitute about 15% of the troubadour output, and they are the dominant form among late (after 1220) authors like Bertran Carbonel and Guillem de l'Olivier.Simon Gaunt and Sarah Kay, edd. (1999), ''The Troubadours: An Introduction'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ). The term ''cobla triada'' is used by modern scholars to indicate a ''cobla'' taken from a longer poem and let stand on its own, but its original medieval meaning was a ''cobla esparsa'' taken from a larger collection of such poems, since ''coblas esparsas'' were usually presented in large groupings. Sometimes, two authors would write a cobla esparsa each, in a ''cobla'' exchange; this corresponds, in a shorter form, to the earlier ''tenso'' or ''partimen''.Martín de Riquer (1964), Història de la Literatura Catalana, vol. 1 (Barcelona: Ariel), 509ff. Whether such excha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Berenguer D'Anoia
Berenguer d'Anoia or de Noya (fl. c. 1300) was a Catalan troubadour from Majorca. He wrote the ''Mirall de trobar'', an Occitan poetic, grammatical, and rhetorical treatise in the tradition of the ''Razos de trobar'' of Raimon Vidal and the ''Regles de trobar'' of Jofre de Foixà, a genre always popular in Catalan country. Berenguer's parents were noble Catalans, originally from the village of Sant Sadurní d'Anoia, who settled at Inca in Majorca following its conquest by James the Conqueror. This information concerning his family and origins is found hidden in his own writings in the form of an acrostic which states: The ''Mirall'' commences with a prologue explaining its division into four chapters that study rhetorical forms and major poetic errors. It begins thus: Everything is illustrated with examples drawn from the compositions of previous troubadours, but not always in the correct form. Berenguer himself does not have any work to his own name, though some otherwise una ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peire Espanhol
Peire Espanhol ( 1150 – c. 1220) was a Limousin troubadour with three extant ''cansos'', including one religious ''alba'', "Ar levatz sus, francha corteza gans!". His works have appeared, edited and with French French (french: français(e), link=no) may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to France ** French language, which originated in France, and its various dialects and accents ** French people, a nation and ethnic group identified with Franc ... translations, in Peter T. Ricketts, "Les poésies de Peire Espanhol: édition critique et traduction" in ''Studies in Honor of Hans-Erich Keller: Medieval French and Occitan Literature and Romance Linguistics'', Rupert T. Pickens, ed. (Kalamazoo, 1993), pp. 383–95. SourcesBibliographie nationale française {{authority control 1150s births 1220s deaths 12th-century French troubadours People from Limousin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Uc De La Bacalaria
Uc de la Bacalaria ( fl. 1206) was a Limousin troubadour from La Bachellerie near Uzerche, the home town of Gaucelm Faidit. According to his '' vida'', he was a jongleur who travelled infrequently and was hardly known. He composed ''cansos'', ''tensos'', one ''alba'', and one ''descort''. Six songs are surviving: one ''canso'', one ''alba'', and four ''tensos'' (three ''partimens'' and one ''torneyamen''). According to the ''vida'', he was courtly, capable, and learned. Uc participated in a three-way ''torneyamen'' with Savaric de Malleo and Gaucelm Faidit.Markale, 98–99. Savaric posed the dilemma: if a lady with three suitors gazes into the eyes of one, squeezes the hand of the other, and nudges the foot of the third, to whom did she show the truest affection? Uc's answer is that the suitor whose hand was grasped was her true love, for a lady's gaze can rest on anything. Uc wrote another ''partimen'' with Gaucelm and two others with Bertran de Sant Felitz. Uc also wrote a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guilhem D'Autpol
Guilhem d'Autpol or Daspol ( fl. 1265–1270) was a troubadour from Hautpoul in the Languedoc. He wrote four works that survive, three dwelling on intensely religious themes. There exists some evidence internal in his songs that he was a jongleur early on. ''Esperansa de totz ferms esperans'' is a religious ''alba'' addressed to the Virgin Mary. ''L'autriers, a l'intrada d'abril'' is a pious ''pastorela'' that may allude to Joan Oliva, a Catalan friar who was active post-1270. This would make the work Guilhem's latest. His earliest datable work is ''tenso'' with God, ''Seinhos, aujas, c'aves saber e sen'', which must have been written sometime between the fall of Caesarea and Arsuf to the Mamluks in 1265 and the Crusade led by James the Conqueror—mentioned in the poem—in 1269. The chief object of Guilhem's addresses to God was a common one among troubadours of his time: the papal policy of launching Crusades against Christians or heretics in Europe to the detr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gaucelm Faidit
Gaucelm Faidit ( literally "Gaucelm the Dispossessed" c. 1156 – c. 1209) was a troubadour, born in Uzerche, in the Limousin, from a family of knights in service of the count of Turenne. He travelled widely in France, Spain, and Hungary. His known patrons include Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany and Dalfi d'Alvernha; he was at one time in Poitiers at the court of Richard I of England, for whose death he wrote a famous ''planh'' (lament) in 1199. It is possible, but controversial, that Gaucelm took part in the Third Crusade from 1189–1191; it seems clear that in 1202 he set out on the Fourth Crusade, as did his current patron, Boniface of Montferrat. After 1202 there is no further historical trace of him. Three sources – the anonymous ''vida'' (biography) of Gaucelm, an exchange of verses between Gaucelm and Elias d'Ussel, and the satirical ''sirventes'' on rival troubadours by the Monk of Montaudon – allege that Gaucelm married a prostitute. According to the ''vida' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bertran D'Alamanon
Bertran d'Alamanon, also spelled de Lamanon or d'Alamano ( fl. 1229–1266), was a Provençal knight and troubadour, and an official, diplomat, and ambassador of the court of the Count of Provence. Twenty-two of his works survive, mainly provocative ''tensos'' and ''sirventes'', many dealing with Crusading themes. Life Bertran's ''vida'' is one of the shortest of the troubadours' at only twenty-seven words in one manuscript: Among the reliable points in this short biography is that he was from Lamanon, in modern Eyguières. He is described as the son of a lord of Brugières, which could refer to localities in Castres, Uzès, or Toulouse. Bertran appears with some frequency in documents of the period, however, so his scant ''vida'' is not a major handicap. He is first attested serving Raymond Berengar IV of Provence in 1235. He continued to serve his successor, Charles I, until at least 1260, when he last appears in documents. He is sometimes assumed to have accompanied Charles ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Raimon De Las Salas
Raimon de (las) Salas or la Sala was a Provençal troubadour probably of the 1220s/1230s. His short ''vida'' survives. He left behind four or five poems, but he must have composed more, since he is ''vida'' records his composition of ''cansos'', '' albas'', and '' retroensas''. Along with Ferrari da Ferrara, he is the only troubadour known to have tried his hand at the ''retroensa''. Raimon was a burgess from Marseille.Egan, 98. He may have served at the court of Hugh II des Baux, viscount of Marseille, from 1193 to 1240. He mentions Raimbalda des Baux in one of his poems. His ''vida'' records that he was neither well known nor esteemed. Two of Raimon's ''tensos'' were composed with women, including ''Si.m fos graziz mos chanz, eu m'esforcera'', which has a modern English translation by Meg Bogin. Raimon also composed a ''partimen'' with an otherwise unknown Bertran, who proposed the dilemma: who are better at making war, feasts, and gifts, the Lombards The Lombards () or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cadenet (troubadour)
Cadenet (c. 1160 – c. 1235) was a Provençal troubadour (''trobador'') who lived and wrote at the court of Raymond VI of Toulouse and eventually made a reputation in Spain. Of his twenty-five surviving songs, twenty-one (or twenty-three) are ''cansos'', with one ''alba'', one ''partimen'', one ''pastorela'', and one religious piece represented. Two of his melodies survive. Life During Cadenet's childhood Raymond V of Toulouse and Bertrand I of Forcalquier went to war over the Vaucluse. Cadenet's father was killed in battle fighting for the count of Forcalquier and the castle of Cadenet was destroyed. Cadenet was taken captive or as a hostage to the court of Toulouse, where he became known after his birthplace, a term which also mean "juniper grove" (''cade'' is Occitan for " juniper"). He rose to prominence in the court under the patronage of several prominent families with close connections to the Cathar movement. According to his late thirteenth-century '' vida'', ''. . . ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
.jpg "Click for more on -> Uc De La Bacalaria")
.jpg "Click for more on -> Gaucelm Faidit")
.jpg "Click for more on -> Raimon De Las Salas")
.jpg "Click for more on -> Cadenet (troubadour)")