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Akhetaa
Akhetaa (also written Achtiaa and Aa-Akhti) was an ancient Egyptian high official during the mid to late 3rd Dynasty ( Old Kingdom period). He is mostly known for his tomb inscriptions, which refer to various seldom used titles as well as to the shadowy king Nebka, in whose cult Akhetaa served. Identity Family Akhetaa was married to the ''confidant of the king'', ''Meretenes''. This lady is possibly the first of the Old Kingdom who was honoured with the female version of the aristocratic title "confidant of the king". Titles As a high-ranking official and priest, Akhetaa bore several elite and pious titularies: * Confidant of the king (Egyptian: ''Rekh-neswt''). * Companion of the royal house (Egyptian: ''Semer-per-nesw''). * Great one of the 'ten of Upper Egypt (Egyptian: ''Wer-medj-shemaw''). * Privy to all secrets and affairs of the king (Egyptian: ''Herj-seshet-neb-hety-nebef-en-nesw''). * Director of the food menu (Egyptian: ''Kherep-seh''). * Director of the twin b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nebka
Nebka (meaning "Lord of the '' ka''") is the throne name of an ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the Third Dynasty during the Old Kingdom period, in the 27th century BCE. He is thought to be identical with the Hellenized name Νεχέρωχις (Necherôchis or Necherôphes) recorded by the Egyptian priest Manetho of the much later Ptolemaic period. Nebka's name is otherwise recorded from the near contemporaneous tomb of a priest of his cult as well as in a possible cartouche from Beit Khallaf, later New Kingdom king lists and in a story of the Westcar Papyrus. If the Beit Khallaf seal impression is indeed a cartouche of Nebka, then he is the earliest king to have thus recorded his throne name, otherwise this innovation can be ascribed to Huni. Nebka is thought by most Egyptologists to be the throne name of Sanakht, the third or fourth ruler of the Third Dynasty, who is sparsely attested by archaeological evidence and must have had only a short reign. Older hypotheses followed two ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Akhty (deity)
Akhty (also read Netjer-akhty) was an ancient Egyptian deity. He was seldom mentioned. Depiction Akhty was depicted as a northern bald ibis. The bird depiction was often guided by the hieroglyphic sign for "god", ''Netjer''.Eberhard Otto: ''Ach''. In: Wolfgang Helck (Hrsg.): ''Lexikon der Ägyptologie (LÄ)'', vol. 1. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1975, , p. 49-52.Jan Assmann: ''Tod und Jenseits im Alten Ägypten, Sonderausgabe''. C. H. Beck, München 2003, , p. 116-118. See a picture on the statue of the priest . Attestations The earliest mention of this deity appears on stone vessel inscriptions from the reign of the 2nd dynasty Pharaoh Hotepsekhemwy. Egyptologists such as Wolfgang Helck believe that Akhty was a dynasty deity and ancestor god. Akhty was also depicted (and thus worshipped) under Hotepsekhemwy's successors, Raneb and Nynetjer. During the Old Kingdom period, Akhty's name only appears in connection with private names (such as ''Akhetaa'') and priest titles such as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Netjeraperef
Netjeraperef is the name of an ancient Egyptian high official and prince. He lived and worked at the transition time between Third Dynasty of Egypt, 3rd and Fourth Dynasty, 4th Dynasty during the Old Kingdom of Egypt, Old Kingdom period.Aidan Dodson, Dyan Hilton: ''The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt''. Thames & Hudson, London 2004, , p. 52 & 61. Identity Family Netjeraperef was most possibly a son of king (pharaoh) Snefru. However, this suggestion is disputed, because the elite title "son of the king" was often merely an honorary title during the Old Kingdom, given to rightful officials of extraordinary ranks. "Real" princes bore the title "bodily son of the king". Titles As a high-ranking official and priest, Netjeraperef held many bureaucratic and priestly titles: * Son of the King (Egyptian: ''Sa-nesw''). * Overseer of the phyles of Lower Egypt (Egyptian: ''Imy-ra-zau-Shemaw''). * Overseer of the commissioners (Egyptian: ''Imy-ra-wpwt''). * Chief of the nomes ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Metjen
Metjen (also read as Methen) was an ancient Egyptian high official at the transition time from 3rd Dynasty to 4th Dynasty. He is famous for his tomb inscription, which provide that he worked and lived under the kings (pharaohs) Huni and Sneferu. Identity Family According to his own tomb inscriptions, Metjen was a son of the high official Inpu-em-Ankh, a judge at the royal court of justice and a royal scribe. Metjen's mother was a high priestess named ''Neb-senet''. Metjen also had children, which he indirectly mentions, but their names are not handed down.Toby A. H. Wilkinson: ''Early Dynastic Egypt''. Routledge, London/New York 2001, , p. 93, 112, 125 & 147.Wolfgang Helck: ''Untersuchungen zur Thinitenzeit'' (= ''Ägyptologische Abhandlungen'', Vol. 45). Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1987, , p. 268–274. Titles As a high-ranking official, Metjen bore several elite titularies: * ''Confidant of the king'' (Egyptian: ''Rekh-neswt''). A title that allowed Metjen to receive audi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pehernefer
Pehernefer (also written Peher-nefer) is the personal name of an ancient Egyptian high official, who held office under the reigns of the pharaohs Huni and Sneferu, in the time between the end of 3rd Dynasty and the beginning of the 4th Dynasty during the Old Kingdom period.Harco Willems: ''Historical and Archaeological Aspects of Egyptian Funerary Culture: Religious Ideas and Ritual Practice in Middle Kingdom Elite Cemeteries''. BRILL, Leiden 2014, , p. 22-23. Identity Career Everything known about Pehernefer, including his high titles and his career, comes from tomb inscriptions. These reveal that he held high positions, such as:Wolfgang Helck: ''Untersuchungen zur Thinitenzeit'' (= ''Ägyptologische Abhandlungen (ÄA)'', vol. 45). Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1987, , p. 274 & 289.Toby A. H. Wilkinson: ''Early Dynastic Egypt''. Routledge, London 2002, , p. 109, 110, 114, 119 and 121.Hratch Papazian: ''Departments, Treasuries, Granaries and Work Centers''. In: Juan Carlos Moreno ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Khabawsokar
Khabawsokar (also read Khabawseker) was an Ancient Egyptian high official during the early to midst 3rd dynasty. He is famous for his tomb inscription and his unique nickname.Peter Jánosi: ''Die Gräberwelt der Pyramidenzeit'' (= ''Zaberns Bildbände zur Archäologie''-series). von Zabern, Mainz 2006, , p. 16, 31 - 33. Identity Family Khabawsokar was married to the ''priestess of Hathor'', ''Hathor-neferhetepes''. Titles As a high-ranking official and priest, Khabawsokar bore several elite and pious titularies:William Stevenson Smith, William Kelly Simpson: ''The art and architecture of ancient Egypt'' (= ''The Pelican history of art'', vol. 14), 2nd edition. Penguin Books, New York 1981, , p. 63–67. * ''Confidant of the king'' (Egyptian: ''Rekh-neswt''). A title that allowed Khabawsokar to receive audiences at the pharaoh. * ''Privy council'' (Egyptian: ''Sa'ab''). * ''High priest of Anubis'' (Egyptian: ''Heqa-netjer-Inpu''). * ''God's servant of Sokar'' (Egyptian: ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hesy-Ra
Hesy-Ra (also read Hesy-Re and Hesire) was an ancient Egyptian high official during the early Third Dynasty of Egypt. His most notable title was ''Wer-ibeḥsenjw'', meaning either "Great one of the ivory cutters" or "Great one of the dentists", which makes him the earliest named dentist. His tomb is noted for its paintings and cedar wood panels. Identity Thanks to several clay seal impressions found in Hesy-Ra's tomb, it is today known that this high official lived and worked during the reign of king (pharaoh) Djoser and maybe also under king Sekhemkhet. Hesy-Ra's name is of some interest to Egyptologists and historians alike, because it is linked to the sun god Ra. Hesy-Ra, alongside a few high officials at this time, belongs to the first high officials who were allowed to link their names to Ra. However, they were not allowed to use the sun disk hieroglyph to write Ra's name. This was permitted to the king only.Wolfgang Helck: ''Geschichte des alten Ägypten'' (= ''Handbuch ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
People Of The Third Dynasty Of Egypt
A person ( : people) is a being that has certain capacities or attributes such as reason, morality, consciousness or self-consciousness, and being a part of a culturally established form of social relations such as kinship, ownership of property, or legal responsibility. The defining features of personhood and, consequently, what makes a person count as a person, differ widely among cultures and contexts. In addition to the question of personhood, of what makes a being count as a person to begin with, there are further questions about personal identity and self: both about what makes any particular person that particular person instead of another, and about what makes a person at one time the same person as they were or will be at another time despite any intervening changes. The plural form "people" is often used to refer to an entire nation or ethnic group (as in "a people"), and this was the original meaning of the word; it subsequently acquired its use as a plural form of per ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abusir
Abusir ( ar, ابو صير ; Egyptian ''pr wsjr'' cop, ⲃⲟⲩⲥⲓⲣⲓ ' "the House or Temple of Osiris"; grc, Βούσιρις) is the name given to an Egyptian archaeological locality – specifically, an extensive necropolis of the Old Kingdom period, together with later additions – in the vicinity of the modern capital Cairo. The name is also that of a neighbouring village in the Nile Valley, whence the site takes its name. Abusir is located several kilometres north of Saqqara and, like it, served as one of the main elite cemeteries for the ancient Egyptian capital city of Memphis. Several other villages in northern and southern Egypt are named Abusir or Busiri. Abusir is one relatively small segment of the extensive "pyramid field" that extends from north of Giza to below Saqqara. The locality of Abusir took its turn as the focus of the prestigious western burial rites operating out of the then-capital of Memphis during the Old Kingdom 5th Dynasty. As an e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Huni
Huni (original reading unknown) was an ancient Egyptian king and the last pharaoh of the Third Dynasty of Egypt during the Old Kingdom period. Following the Turin king list, he is commonly credited with a reign of 24 years, ending c. 2613 BC. Huni's chronological position as the last king of the third dynasty is seen as fairly certain, but there is still some uncertainty on the succession order of rulers at the end of the 3rd dynasty. It is also unclear under which Hellenized name the ancient historian Manetho could have listed him in his historical writing ''Aegyptiacae''. Most possibly he is to be identified with the Hellenized name Aches, as Winfried Barta proposes. Many Egyptologists believe that Huni was the father and direct predecessor of king Sneferu, but this is questioned by other scholars. Huni is seen by scholars as a confusing figure in Egyptian history, because he was long remembered in Egyptian traditions, but very few documents, objects or monuments f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jochem Kahl
Jochem Kahl (born 1961) is a German Egyptologist. A native of Ravensburg, Kahl studied undergraduate history and Greek at the University of Tübingen from 1983 to 1984 and then Egyptology, Classical Archeology and Pre- and Early History at Münster, Tübingen and Vienna between 1984 and 1990. Kahl undertook his doctorate with the study "The System of Egyptian Hieroglyphic Writing in the 0th - 3rd Dynasty" between 1992 to 1998. From 1998 to 2004 he was a university lecturer at the Institute for Egyptology and Coptology at the University of Münster. In 2004 he was given a professorship at the University of Münster and in 2006 a professorship at University of Mainz. He is currently at Free University of Berlin. He leads the excavations at Assiut and the surrounding area in Central Egypt and has been a professor at the Free University of Berlin since October 2008. Kahl is a member of the German Archaeological Institute The German Archaeological Institute (german: Deutsches Arc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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