|
Abu Hanifa An-Nu'man
Abu Hanifa (; September 699 CE – 767 CE) was a Muslim scholar, jurist, theologian, ascetic Asceticism is a lifestyle characterized by abstinence from worldly pleasures through self-discipline, self-imposed poverty, and simple living, often for the purpose of pursuing spiritual goals. Ascetics may withdraw from the world for their pra ...,Pakatchi, Ahmad and Umar, Suheyl, "Abū Ḥanīfa", in: ''Encyclopaedia Islamica'', Editors-in-Chief: Wilferd Madelung and, Farhad Daftary. and eponym of the Hanafi school of Sunni Islamic jurisprudence, jurisprudence, which remains the most widely practiced to this day. His school predominates in Central Asia, Central and South Asia, Turkey, Balkans, the Balkans, Russia, and some parts of the Arab world. Sources disagree on exactly where he was born, whether in Kufa (held by the majority), Kabul, Anbar, Nasa or Termez. Abu Hanifa traveled to the Hejaz region of Arabia in his youth, where he studied in the holiest sites in Islam, Islamic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Imam
Imam (; , '; : , ') is an Islamic leadership position. For Sunni Islam, Sunni Muslims, Imam is most commonly used as the title of a prayer leader of a mosque. In this context, imams may lead Salah, Islamic prayers, serve as community leaders, and provide religious guidance. Thus for Sunnis, anyone can study the basic Islamic teachings and become an imam. For most Shia Islam, Shia Muslims, the Imams are absolute infallible leaders of the Islamic community after the Prophet. Shias consider the term to be only applicable to the members and descendants of the ''Ahl al-Bayt'', the family of the Islamic prophet Muhammad in Islam, Muhammad. In Twelver Shia, Twelver Shi'ism there are 14 The Fourteen Infallible, infallibles, 12 of which are Imams, the final being Muhammad al-Mahdi, Imam Mahdi who will return at the end of times. The title was also used by the Zaydism, Zaidi Shia Imams of Yemen, who eventually founded the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen (1918–1970). Sunni imams Sunni ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Fiqh Al-Akbar
''Al-Fiqh al-Akbar'' () or "The Greater Knowledge" is a popular early Islamic text attributed to the Muslim jurist Abu Hanifa. It is one of the few surviving works of Abu Hanifa. It outlines the foundational articles of the Sunni faith whilst refuting the beliefs of those groups that were considered to be outside orthodox or mainstream Islam, namely the Muʿtazila, Qadariyah and Khawarij amongst others. It describes the Sunni policy for dealing with the ambiguous Attributes of Allah and delves in detail into how the Qur'an is the eternal speech of Allah . Two other well known creeds sharing the name were ''Fiqh Akbar II'' another book about Sunni faith ascribed to Abu Hanifa (renamed as "al-Fiqh al-Absat", to avoid mixing them up), and ''Fiqh Akbar III'', "representative" of the Shafi'i. Content The text begins by outlining the foundational articles of faith, and goes on to discuss the eternal essence (''dhat'') of Allah, His names and attributes, and the Qur'an as His eterna ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ja'far Al-Sadiq
Ja'far al-Sadiq (; –765) was a Muslim hadith transmitter and the last agreed-upon Shia Imam between the Twelvers and Isma'ilis. Known by the title al-Sadiq ("The Truthful"), Ja'far was the eponymous founder of the Ja'fari school of Islamic jurisprudence. In the canonical Twelver hadith collections, more traditions are cited from Ja'far than that of the other Imams combined, although their attribution to him is questionable, making it hard to determine his actual teachings.. Among the theological contributions ascribed to him are the doctrine of '' '' (divinely inspired designation of each Imam by the previous Imam) and '' '' (the infallibility of the Imams), as well as that of (religious dissimulation under persecution). Al-Sadiq is also revered by Sunni Muslims as a reliable transmitter of hadith, and a teacher to the Sunni scholars Abu Hanifa and Malik ibn Anas, the namesakes of the Hanafi and Maliki schools of jurisprudence. Al-Sadiq also figures prominently i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zayd Ibn Ali
Zayd ibn ʿAlī (; 695–740), also spelled Zaid, was the son of Ali ibn al-Husayn Zayn al-Abidin, and great-grandson of Ali ibn Abi Talib. He led an unsuccessful revolt against the Umayyad Caliphate, in which he died. The event gave rise to the Zaydiyya sect of Shia Islam, which holds him as the next Imam after his father Ali ibn al-Husayn Zayn al-Abidin. Zayd ibn Ali is also seen as a major religious figure by many Sunnis and was supported by the prominent Sunni jurist, Abu Hanifa, who issued a fatwa in support of Zayd against the Umayyads.''Ahkam al-Quran'' By Abu Bakr al-Jassas al-Razi, volume 1 page 100, published by Dar Al-Fikr Al-Beirutiyya To Twelver and Isma'ili Shias however, his elder half-brother Muhammad al-Baqir is seen as the next Imam of the Shias. Nevertheless, he is considered an important revolutionary figure by Shias and a martyr (''shaheed'') by all schools of Islam, including Sunnis and Shias. The call for revenge for his death, and for the brutal displ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ibn Shihab Al-Zuhri
Abū Bakr Muhammad ibn Muslim ibn Ubayd Allah ibn Abd Allah ibn Shihab al-Zuhri (; died 124 AH/741-2 CE), also referred to as Ibn Shihab or az-Zuhri, was a ''tabi'i'' Arab jurist and traditionist credited with pioneering the development of '' sīra-maghazi'' and hadith literature. Raised in Medina, he studied hadith and ''maghazi'' under Medinese traditionists before rising to prominence at the Umayyad court, where he served in a number of religious and administrative positions. He transmitted several thousand hadith included in the six canonical Sunni hadith collections and his work on ''maghazi'' forms the basis of the extant biographies of Muhammad. His relationship with the Umayyads has been debated by both early and modern Sunnis, Shias and Western orientalists. Biography Early life and career Muhammad ibn Muslim az-Zuhri was born in the city of Medina. His father Muslim was a supporter of the Zubayrids during the Second Fitna, while his great-grandfather Abd Allah ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amir Al-Sha'bi
Abū ʿAmr ʿĀmir ibn Sharāḥīl ibn ʿAbd al-Kūfī al-Shaʿbī (), 641–723, commonly known as Imam al-Sha'bi or al-Sha'bi, was an Arab historian and jurist of the ''tabi'un'', born during the rule of Umar ibn al-Khattab. As a prominent figure in Kufa, al-Sha'bi was heavily involved in the political struggle in Iraq between Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, Mukhtar al-Thaqafi, Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf, and Ibn al-Ash'ath. Al-Sha’bi has been appointed among the first jurists of leading Islamic law, including ʽAbd al-Razzaq al-Sanʽani and Ibn Abi Shaybah. Al-Sha'bi seems to have been interested in reconstructing chronologies of historical events. Accounts attributed to him primarily concern themselves with conquests in eastern provinces of the caliphate, and one deals with the chronology of the life of Muhammad. Al-Sha'bi was known for his moderate view who denouncing extremism during the time of political upheavals. Biography ʿĀmir al-Shaʿbī belonged to the Banū Hassā ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ibrahim Al-Nakha'i
Abu Imran ibn Yazid (; –714), commonly known as Ibrahim al-Nakha'i (), was an early Kufan jurist of the ''tabi'in''. A pioneer of the use of '' ra'y'' and ''qiyas'', al-Nakha'i influenced later Kufan jurists through his student Hammad ibn Abi Sulayman, including Abu Hanifa. Biography Ibrahim al-Nakha'i was born in Kufa in , although there is some dispute on the exact year. He was of the Nakha, a branch of the Madhhaj tribe which had migrated to Kufa from Yemen following the Arab conquest of Mesopotamia, hence the ''Nisba (onomastics), nisba'' al-Nakha'i. His family was known for scholarly activity; his father was a hadith transmitter, his maternal uncle was Alqama ibn Qays and Aswad ibn Yazid was his maternal cousin. Al-Nakha'i was affiliated with the students of Abd Allah ibn Mas'ud, a Companions of the Prophet, companion of Muhammad, which included his uncle Alqama who became his principal mentor of ''fiqh''.Hanif 2018, pp. 186-187 He began travelling to the Hejaz from a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Muhammad Al-Baqir
Muhammad ibn Ali al-Baqir (; ) was a descendant of the prophets and messengers in Islam, Islamic prophet Muhammad and the fifth of the Twelve Imams, twelve Shia imams, succeeding his father, Ali al-Sajjad, and succeeded by his son, Ja'far al-Sadiq. Muhammad's honorific title is short for , which means 'the one who splits knowledge open', a reference to his fame as a religious scholar. Muhammad was born in Medina around 676 common era, CE. In 680, when he was a small child, he witnessed the Battle of Karbala, where his grandfather Husayn ibn Ali and most of his relatives were massacred by the forces of the Umayyad caliphate, Umayyad caliph Yazid I, Yazid ibn Mu'awiya (). Upon his father's death around 712, Muhammad was recognized as the next imamate in Shia doctrine, imam by most followers of his father. These were the Imamites, the forerunners of Twelver Shia, Twelvers and Isma'ilism, Isma'ilis, which now constitute the majority of Shia Muslims. At the time, however, this quiesc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ata Ibn Abi Rabah
Ata ibn Abi Rabah (; ) was a prominent early Muslim jurist and hadith transmitter of Nubian origin who served as the ''mufti'' of Mecca in the late seventh and early eighth centuries. He is considered a leading figure of the early Meccan school of ''fiqh''. Early life Ata was born in the town of Muwalladi l-Janad in Yemen. Although early biographical sources differ on the exact year of his birth, it is generally accepted he was born towards the beginning of Uthman ibn Affan's reign, . His mother was a Nubian basket weaver while his father, named Aslam, is described as being dark-skinned and flat-nosed. Ata was a cripple and possessed a limp, and while he was born with one healthy eye, he later went completely blind. Life as a scholar Ata was raised in Mecca as a ''mawla'' (client) of the Qurayshi Abu Khuthaym al-Fihri, where he worked as a Quran teacher, before being recognised for his expertise in ''fiqh''. He was later appointed mufti of the city by the Umayyads and ta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hammad Ibn Abi Sulayman
Hammad ibn Abi Sulayman (; died 737–8) was an early Kufan Muslim jurist who is best known for being the principal teacher of Abu Hanifa, the eponym of the Hanafi school of law. Biography The extant biographical information about Hammad is limited. It is known that he was a ''mawla'' (client) of the family of Abu Musa al-Ash'ari, a companion of Muhammad. His father was wealthy, allowing Hammad to dedicate himself solely to his legal studies.{{Cite web , last=Aras , first=Mehmet Özgü , title=HAMMÂD b. EBÛ SÜLEYMAN , url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/hammad-b-ebu-suleyman , access-date=2024-12-21 , website=TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi , language=tr He became the student of Ibrahim al-Nakha'i in Kufa, who appears to have been his sole mentor in ''fiqh'', although he also studied under al-Sha'bi and met Hasan al-Basri, Said ibn al-Musayyib and the companion Anas ibn Malik. He began issuing legal verdicts during al-Nakha'i's lifetime and inherited his '' halaqa'' (study cir ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Theologian
Theology is the study of religious belief from a religious perspective, with a focus on the nature of divinity. It is taught as an academic discipline, typically in universities and seminaries. It occupies itself with the unique content of analyzing the supernatural, but also deals with religious epistemology, asks and seeks to answer the question of revelation. Revelation pertains to the acceptance of God, gods, or deities, as not only transcendent or above the natural world, but also willing and able to interact with the natural world and to reveal themselves to humankind. Theologians use various forms of analysis and argument ( experiential, philosophical, ethnographic, historical, and others) to help understand, explain, test, critique, defend or promote any myriad of religious topics. As in philosophy of ethics and case law, arguments often assume the existence of previously resolved questions, and develop by making analogies from them to draw new inferences in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Faqīh
A ''faqīh'' (: ''fuqahāʾ'', ; : ) is an Islamic jurist, an expert in ''fiqh'', or Islamic jurisprudence and Islamic law. Definition Islamic jurisprudence or ''fiqh'' is the human understanding of Sharia, which is believed by Muslims to represent divine law as revealed in the Quran and ''sunnah'' (the practices of the Islamic prophet Muhammad). Sharia is expanded and developed by interpretation ('' ijtihad'') of the Quran and ''sunnah'' by Islamic jurists (''ulama'') and implemented by the rulings (''fatwas'') of jurists on questions presented to them. ''Fiqh'' deals with the observance of rituals, morals and social legislation in Islam. In the modern era there are four prominent schools (''madhhab'') of ''fiqh'' within Sunni practice and two (or three) within Shia practice. The historian Ibn Khaldun describes ''fiqh'' as "knowledge of the rules of God which concern the actions of persons who own themselves bound to obey the law respecting what is require ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
