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Abdallāh (Golden Horde)
ʿAbdallāh (Turki/Cuman language, Kypchak and Persian language, Persian: عبدالله; also ''Avdulja'', modern ''Abdulla'' and ''Avdulla'' in Russian texts; died 1370) was Khan (title), Khan of the Golden Horde in 1361–1370, as a protégé of the beylerbey, beglerbeg Mamai. While ʿAbdallāh was recognized as khan throughout the territories dominated by his patron Mamai, he was in possession of the traditional capital Sarai (city), Sarai only intermittently, in 1362, 1367–1368, and 1369–1370. Origins The origins and identity of Khan ʿAbdallāh are unclear, and nowhere stated precisely. On the basis of Mamai's marriage to the daughter (Tulun Beg Khanum?) of Khan Berdi Beg, a descendant of Jochi's son Batu Khan, Batu, and also Ibn Khaldun's statement that "Mamai went to the Crimea and appointed as khan one of the offspring of the children of Öz Beg Khan, Öz Beg, named ʿAbdallāh," some modern historians have considered ʿAbdallāh a descendant of Batu and, more specifi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Khans Of The Golden Horde
This is a complete list of khans of the Orda (organization), Ulus of Jochi, better known by its later Russian designation as the Golden Horde, in its right (west) wing and left (east) wing divisions known problematically as the Blue Horde and White Horde, and of its main successor state during a period of disintegration, known as the Great Horde. Khans of the Blue Horde are listed as the principal rulers of the Golden Horde, although many late rulers of the Golden Horde originated from the subordinate White Horde. Following the general convention, the list encompasses the period from the death of Genghis Khan in 1227 to the sack of Sarai (city), Sarai by the Crimean Khanate in 1502. The chronological and genealogical information is often incomplete and contradictory; annotation can be found in the secondary lists in the second part of the article, and in the individual articles on specific monarchs. Secondary list with short biographies The following is a detailed annotated list ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ibn Khaldun
Ibn Khaldun (27 May 1332 – 17 March 1406, 732–808 Hijri year, AH) was an Arabs, Arab Islamic scholar, historian, philosopher and sociologist. He is widely acknowledged to be one of the greatest social scientists of the Middle Ages, and considered by a number of scholars to be a major forerunner of historiography, sociology, economics, and demography studies. His best-known book, the ''Muqaddimah'' or ''Prolegomena'' ("Introduction"), which he wrote in six months as he states in his autobiography, influenced 17th-century and 19th-century Ottoman historians such as Kâtip Çelebi, Mustafa Naima and Ahmed Cevdet Pasha, who used its theories to analyze the growth and decline of the Ottoman Empire. Ibn Khaldun interacted with Tamerlane, the founder of the Timurid Empire. He has been called one of the most prominent Muslim and Arab scholars and historians. Recently, Ibn Khaldun's works have been compared with those of influential European philosophers such as Niccolò Machiavelli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aziz Shaykh
ʿAzīz Shaykh (Turki/ Kypchak and ; ''Oziz'' in the Russian chronicles) was Khan of the Golden Horde from 1364 to 1367. He held the traditional capital Sarai during a period of civil war among rival contenders for the throne. Throughout his reign, the westernmost portion of the Golden Hode was under the control of the beglerbeg Mamai and his puppet khan ʿAbdallāh, while the easternmost portion was under the control of the heirs of Qara Nogai. Origins The origins of ʿAzīz Shaykh are unclear. The only specific testimony regarding his ancestry comes from the notoriously unreliable account of Muʿīn-ad-Dīn Naṭanzī (previously known as the "Anonymous of Iskandar"), according to whom ʿAzīz Shaykh was the son of the ephemeral khan Tīmūr Khwāja. Despite Naṭanzī's commonly recognized unreliability, this is sometimes accepted by modern scholars in the absence of an obvious alternative. However, the more credible sources do not list such a son of Tīmūr Khwāja, and a p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dmitry Donskoy
Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy (; 12 October 1350 – 19 May 1389) was Prince of Moscow from 1359 and Grand Prince of Vladimir from 1363 until his death. He was the heir of Ivan II. He was the first prince of Moscow to openly challenge Mongol authority in Russia. In traditional Russian historiography, he is regarded as a Russian national hero and a central figure of the Russian Middle Ages. His nickname, Donskoy ("of the Don"), alludes to his great victory against the Tatars in the Battle of Kulikovo (1380), which took place on the Don River. He is venerated as a saint in the Orthodox Church with his feast day on 19 May. Early reign Dmitry was born in Moscow in 1350, the son of Ivan the Fair, Grand Prince of Moscow, and his second wife, Alexandra Vassilievna Velyaminova, the daughter of the mayor of Moscow. Dmitry was orphaned at the age of nine and ascended the throne of the Principality of Moscow. Per the terms of Ivan's will, during Dmitry's minority, Metropolitan Alek ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lithuania
Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania, is a country in the Baltic region of Europe. It is one of three Baltic states and lies on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea, bordered by Latvia to the north, Belarus to the east and south, Poland to the south, and the Russian exclave, semi-exclave of Kaliningrad Oblast to the southwest, with a Maritime boundary, maritime border with Sweden to the west. Lithuania covers an area of , with a population of 2.89 million. Its capital and largest city is Vilnius; other major cities include Kaunas, Klaipėda, Šiauliai and Panevėžys. Lithuanians who are the titular nation and form the majority of the country's population, belong to the ethnolinguistic group of Balts and speak Lithuanian language, Lithuanian. For millennia, the southeastern shores of the Baltic Sea were inhabited by various Balts, Baltic tribes. In the 1230s, Lithuanian lands were united for the first time by Mindaugas, who formed the Kingdom of Lithuania on 6 July ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Murad (Golden Horde)
Murād Khan (Turki/ Kypchak: مرید خان; ; called ''Amurat'' and ''Murut'' in Russian sources, and sometimes ''Murīd'', ''Mürid'', ''Burut'', and ''Murdād'' in eastern sources) was Khan of at least part of the Golden Horde from 1361 to 1363. Origins Murād, or more fully Ḥājjī Murād, was the brother of Khiḍr Khan, the son of Mangqutai, son of Töle Buqa, son of Qadaq, son of Shiban, son of Jochi, and originated from the Ulus of Shiban in the eastern part of the Golden Horde, according to the information of the ''Tawārīḫ-i guzīdah-i nuṣrat-nāmah''. The variant ancestry supplied by some other sources is now considered inaccurate, for example the assertion of Muʿīn-ad-Dīn Naṭanzī (earlier known as the "Anonymous of Iskandar") that Murīd (i.e., Murād) was the son of Orda Shaykh (i.e., Ordu Malik), or Khwandamir, Ötemiš-Ḥājjjī, and one Russian chronicle, making Murād (whom they call Murdād, Burut, and Murut, respectively) the parricide son of K ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Togai-Timur
Tuqa-Temür (also ''Toqa-Temür'' and ''Toghai-Temür'', in the Perso-Arabic orthography of the sources rendered ''Tūqā-Tīmūr'' or ''Tūqāy-Tīmūr'') was the thirteenth and youngest or penultimate son of Jochi, the eldest son of Genghis Khan. He was a younger brother of Batu Khan and Berke Khan, the rulers of what came to be known as the Golden Horde. Career Tuqa-Timur's mother is identified as Jochi's concubine Kaghri Khatun (Kaghrī Khātūn), a woman from the Merkit tribe. As Jochi's apparently youngest son of standing or significance, Tuqa-Timur was perhaps deemed too young to attend the qurultai for the proclamation and enthronement of the great khan Ögedei in 1229. Instead, Tuqa-Timur remained behind in his father's ulus, apparently governing it during the absence of his older brothers at the assembly. When Batu Khan returned, Tuqa-Timur organized a three-day feast in his honor. Tuqa-Timur subsequently received an ulus of his own from Batu, somewhere within the Lef ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Genghis Khan
Genghis Khan (born Temüjin; August 1227), also known as Chinggis Khan, was the founder and first khan (title), khan of the Mongol Empire. After spending most of his life uniting the Mongols, Mongol tribes, he launched Mongol invasions and conquests, a series of military campaigns, conquering large parts of Mongol conquest of China, China and Mongol invasion of Central Asia, Central Asia. Born between 1155 and 1167 and given the name Temüjin, he was the eldest child of Yesugei, a Mongol chieftain of the Borjigin, Borjigin clan, and his wife Hö'elün. When Temüjin was eight, his father died and his family was abandoned by its tribe. Reduced to near-poverty, Temüjin killed Behter, his older half-brother to secure his familial position. His charismatic personality helped to attract his first followers and to form alliances with two prominent Eurasian Steppe, steppe leaders named Jamukha and Toghrul; they worked together to retrieve Temüjin's newlywed wife Börte, who had b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ordu Malik
Ordu Malik (Turki/ Kypchak and Persian: اوردو ملک; ''Ardemelik'' in Russian chronicles; also called ''Ordu Shaykh'' (اوردو شیخ) by Naṭanzī), was briefly Khan of the Golden Horde in 1361, having replaced his rival Timur Khwaja. Career Ordu Malik appeared on the historical scene in 1361, as a rival of Khiḍr Khan for possession of the throne of the Golden Horde and its capital Sarai. During Ordu Malik's advance on the city, Khiḍr Khan was murdered by his own son, Timur Khwaja, who seized the throne, but reigned only briefly, for one to five weeks. In the end, Timur Khwaja was forced to flee and was killed, while Ordu Malik was enthroned as khan at Sarai. Ordu Malik minted coins at Sarai and Azaq, but evidently failed to assert his control over the entirety of the Golden Horde. The territory under the former beglerbeg Mamai Kiyat in the west, and Gülistan, where Khiḍr Khan's brother Murād (or Mürid) had declared himself khan, were apparently beyond Or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Timur Khwaja
Timur Khwaja ( Turki and Persian: تیمور خواجه; Kypchak: تمور خواجه) was briefly Khan of the Golden Horde in 1361, having succeeded his father Khiḍr Khan. Life The forceful Khiḍr Khan, a descendant of Jochi's son Shiban according to the ''Tawārīḫ-i guzīdah-i nuṣrat-nāmah'', asserted himself as ruler of the Golden Horde in June 1360, having eliminated his rival Nawruz Beg. Nevertheless, the new khan's authority was limited by the presumable autonomy of the former beglerbeg Mamai Kiyat in the west, and the renewed autonomy of the former Ulus of Orda in the east, under the local Jochid khan Qara-Noqai. A greater threat proved to be the advance of another Jochid prince, Ordu Malik, on the capital Sarai in 1361. In circumstances that remain obscure, Khiḍr Khan and his son Qutlugh were now murdered by another son of Khiḍr Khan, Timur Khwaja, who seized the throne at Sarai, in August 1361. Timur Khwaja would reign for only a short time, possibly fi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tulak (Golden Horde)
Tūlāk (Turki/ Kypchak: تولاک; ; ''Teljak'', ''Tjuljak'', ''Tetjak'' in Russian texts; died 1380) was Khan of part of the Golden Horde from 1379 to 1380. He was a protégé of Mamai, a ''beglerbeg''. While Tūlāk was recognized as khan throughout the territories dominated by his patron Mamai, he was not in possession of the traditional capital Sarai. Origins Based on the early readings of coin labels, Tūlāk was long identified with Muḥammad-Sulṭān as a single individual, the supposed Khan Muḥammad-Būlāq ("Muhammad-Bolaq," "Muhammed-Buljak"). This identification has had a long influence on subsequent historiography, but has been disproved by recent scholarship, which established that Tūlāk is to be distinguished from his predecessor as Mamai's protégé, Muḥammad-Sulṭān (''Mamat-Sultan'' in Russian sources). The form Būlāq is to be seen as a variant reading of Tūlāk, and to be associated with the khan reigning in 1379–1380, not the khan (Muḥammad ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tuqa-Timur
Tuqa-Temür (also ''Toqa-Temür'' and ''Toghai-Temür'', in the Perso-Arabic orthography of the sources rendered ''Tūqā-Tīmūr'' or ''Tūqāy-Tīmūr'') was the thirteenth and youngest or penultimate son of Jochi, the eldest son of Genghis Khan. He was a younger brother of Batu Khan and Berke Khan, the rulers of what came to be known as the Golden Horde. Career Tuqa-Timur's mother is identified as Jochi's concubine Kaghri Khatun (Kaghrī Khātūn), a woman from the Merkit tribe. As Jochi's apparently youngest son of standing or significance, Tuqa-Timur was perhaps deemed too young to attend the qurultai for the proclamation and enthronement of the great khan Ögedei in 1229. Instead, Tuqa-Timur remained behind in his father's ulus, apparently governing it during the absence of his older brothers at the assembly. When Batu Khan returned, Tuqa-Timur organized a three-day feast in his honor. Tuqa-Timur subsequently received an ulus of his own from Batu, somewhere within the Lef ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
