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ATP-binding Domain Of ABC Transporters
In molecular biology, ATP-binding domain of ABC transporters is a water-soluble domain of transmembrane ABC transporters. ABC transporters belong to the ATP-Binding Cassette superfamily, which uses the hydrolysis of ATP to translocate a variety of compounds across biological membranes. ABC transporters are minimally constituted of two conserved regions: a highly conserved ATP binding cassette (ABC) and a less conserved transmembrane domain (TMD). These regions can be found on the same protein or on two different ones. Most ABC transporters function as a dimer and therefore are constituted of four domains, two ABC modules and two TMDs. Biological function ABC transporters are involved in the export or import of a wide variety of substrates ranging from small ions to macromolecules. The major function of ABC import systems is to provide essential nutrients to bacteria. They are found only in prokaryotes and their four constitutive domains are usually encoded by independent p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protein Domain
In molecular biology, a protein domain is a region of a protein's polypeptide chain that is self-stabilizing and that folds independently from the rest. Each domain forms a compact folded three-dimensional structure. Many proteins consist of several domains, and a domain may appear in a variety of different proteins. Molecular evolution uses domains as building blocks and these may be recombined in different arrangements to create proteins with different functions. In general, domains vary in length from between about 50 amino acids up to 250 amino acids in length. The shortest domains, such as zinc fingers, are stabilized by metal ions or disulfide bridges. Domains often form functional units, such as the calcium-binding EF hand domain of calmodulin. Because they are independently stable, domains can be "swapped" by genetic engineering between one protein and another to make chimeric proteins. Background The concept of the domain was first proposed in 1973 by Wetlaufer aft ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ABCA9
ATP-binding cassette sub-family A member 9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ABCA9'' gene. Function This gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters and the encoded protein contains two transmembrane domains and two nucleotide binding folds. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intracellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies ( ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, and White). This gene is a member of the ABC1 subfamily and is clustered with four other ABC1 family members on chromosome 17q24. Transcriptional expression of this gene is induced during monocyte differentiation into macrophages and is suppressed by cholesterol Cholesterol is any of a class of certain organic molecules called lipids. It is a sterol (or modified steroid), a type of lipid. Cholesterol is biosynthesized by all animal cells and is an essential structural component of animal cell mem ... impo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ABCC12
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ABCC12'' gene. Function This gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters and the encoded protein contains two ATP-binding domains and 12 transmembrane regions. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intracellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies: ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, and White. This gene is a member of the MRP subfamily which is involved in multi-drug resistance. This gene and another subfamily member are arranged head-to-tail on chromosome 16q12.1. Increased expression of this gene is associated with breast cancer. Loss of function is implicated in hereditary cholestasis Cholestasis is a condition where bile cannot flow from the liver to the duodenum. The two basic distinctions are an obstructive type of cholestasis where there is a mechanical blockage in the duct system that can oc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ABCC11
ATP-binding cassette transporter sub-family C member 11, also MRP8 (''Multidrug Resistance-Related Protein 8'') is a membrane transporter that exports certain molecules from inside a cell. It is a protein that in humans is encoded by gene ''ABCC11''. The gene is responsible for determination of human cerumen type (wet or dry ear wax) and presence of underarm osmidrosis (odor associated with sweat caused by excessive apocrine secretion). Function The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intra-cellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, White). The ABCC11 transporter is a member of the MRP subfamily which is involved in multi-drug resistance. The product of this gene participates in physiological processes involving bile acids, conjugated steroids, and cyclic nucleotides. In addition, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ABCC10
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ABCC10'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intra-cellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, and White). This ABC full-transporter is a member of the MRP subfamily which is involved in multi-drug resistance. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants; however, not all variants have been fully described. See also * ATP-binding cassette transporter The ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABC transporters) are a transport system superfamily that is one of the largest and possibly one of the oldest gene families. It is represented in all extant phyla, from prokaryotes to humans. ABC transp ... References Further reading * * * * * * * * * External li ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ABCC1
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ABCC1'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra-and intra-cellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, White). This full transporter is a member of the MRP subfamily which is involved in multi-drug resistance. This protein functions as a multispecific organic anion transporter, with oxidized glutathione, cysteinyl leukotrienes, and activated aflatoxin B1 as substrates. This protein also transports glucuronides and sulfate conjugates of steroid hormones and bile salts. Alternative splicing by exon deletion results in several splice variants but maintains the original open reading frame in all forms. Structure ABCC1 is a 190 kDa protein that contains two membrane-spanning domains ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ABCB9
ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ABCB9'' gene. The membrane-associated protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intra-cellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, White). This protein is a member of the MDR/TAP subfamily. Members of the MDR/TAP subfamily are involved in multidrug resistance as well as antigen presentation. The function of this half-transporter has not yet been determined; however, this protein may play a role in lysosomes. Alternative splicing of this gene results in distinct isoforms which are likely to have different substrate specifications. See also * ATP-binding cassette transporter The ATP synthase, ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABC transporters) are a transport system superfamily that is one of the larg ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ABCB8
ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 8, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ABCB8'' gene. The membrane-associated protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intra-cellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, White). This protein is a member of the MDR/TAP subfamily. Members of the MDR/TAP subfamily are involved in multidrug resistance as well as antigen presentation. The function of this half-transporter has not yet been determined; however, it may involve the compartmentalization and transport of heme, as well as peptides, from the mitochondria to the nucleus and cytosol. This protein may also play a role in the transport of phospholipids into mitochondrial membranes. See also * ATP-binding cassette transporter The ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABC ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ABCB7
ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 7, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ABCB7'' gene. Function The membrane-associated protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intra-cellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, White). This protein is a member of the MDR/TAP subfamily. Members of the MDR/TAP subfamily are involved in multidrug resistance as well as antigen presentation. This gene encodes a half-transporter involved in the transport of heme from the mitochondria to the cytosol. With iron/sulfur cluster precursors as its substrates, this protein may play a role in metal homeostasis. Clinical significance Mutations in this gene have been implicated in X-linked sideroblastic anemia with ataxia. Interactions ABCB7 has been shown to interact with Ferr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ABCB6
ATP-binding cassette super-family B member 6, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ABCB6'' gene. The membrane-associated protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intra-cellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, White). This protein is a member of the MDR/TAP subfamily. Members of the MDR/TAP subfamily are involved in multidrug resistance as well as antigen presentation. This half-transporter likely plays a role in mitochondrial function. Localized to 2q26, this gene is considered a candidate gene for Dyschromatosis Universalis Hereditaria, a disorder of skin pigment metabolism. The protein also carries the Lan antigen, which defines the Lan blood group system. See also * ATP-binding cassette transporter The ATP synthase, ATP-binding cassette transporters ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ABCB5
ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 5 also known as P-glycoprotein ABCB5 is a plasma membrane-spanning protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ABCB5'' gene. ABCB5 is an ABC transporter and P-glycoprotein family member principally expressed in physiological skin and human malignant melanoma. Clinical significance ABCB5 has been suggested to regulate skin progenitor cell fusion and mediate chemotherapeutic drug resistance in stem-like tumor cell subpopulations in human malignant melanoma, colorectal cancer, and malignant pleural mesothelioma. It is commonly over-expressed on circulating melanoma tumour cells. Furthermore, the ABCB5+ melanoma- initiating cells were demonstrated to express FLT1 (''VEGFR1'') receptor tyrosine kinase which was functionally required for efficient xenograft tumor formation, as demonstrated by shRNA knockdown experiments. In colorectal cancer, ABCB5 was shown to act as a mediator of 5-FU patient chemoresistance, and had a further direct role ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ABCB4
The ATP-binding cassette 4 gene encodes the Multidrug resistance protein 3. ABCB4 is associated with progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 3 and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. The membrane-associated protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intra-cellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, White). This protein is a member of the MDR/TAP subfamily. Members of the MDR/TAP subfamily are involved in multidrug resistance as well as antigen presentation. This gene encodes a full transporter and member of the p-glycoprotein family of membrane proteins with phosphatidylcholine as its substrate (flippase activity). The function of this protein has not yet been determined; however, it may involve transport of phospholipids from liver hepatocytes into bile. Alternative splic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
