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ATC Code N07
N07A Parasympathomimetics N07AA Anticholinesterases :N07AA01 Neostigmine :N07AA02 Pyridostigmine :N07AA03 Distigmine :N07AA30 Ambenonium :N07AA51 Neostigmine, combinations N07AB Choline esters :N07AB01 Carbachol :N07AB02 Bethanechol N07AX Other parasympathomimetics :N07AX01 Pilocarpine :N07AX02 Choline alfoscerate :N07AX03 Cevimeline N07B Drugs used in addictive disorders N07BA Drugs used in nicotine dependence :N07BA01 Nicotine :N07BA03 Varenicline :N07BA04 Cytisinicline N07BB Drugs used in alcohol dependence :N07BB01 Disulfiram :N07BB02 Calcium carbimide :N07BB03 Acamprosate :N07BB04 Naltrexone :N07BB05 Nalmefene N07BC Drugs used in opioid dependence :N07BC01 Buprenorphine :N07BC02 Methadone :N07BC03 Levacetylmethadol :N07BC04 Lofexidine :N07BC05 Levomethadone :N07BC06 Diamorphine :N07BC51 Buprenorphine, combinations N07C Anti vertigo preparations N07CA Antivertigo preparations :N07CA01 Betahistine :N07CA02 Cinnarizine :N07CA03 Flunarizine :N07CA04 Acetylleuc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parasympathomimetic
A parasympathomimetic drug, sometimes called a cholinomimetic drug or cholinergic receptor stimulating agent, is a substance that stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS). These chemicals are also called cholinergic drugs because acetylcholine (ACh) is the neurotransmitter used by the PSNS. Chemicals in this family can act either directly by stimulating the nicotinic or muscarinic receptors (thus mimicking acetylcholine), or indirectly by inhibiting cholinesterase, promoting acetylcholine release, or other mechanisms. Common uses of parasympathomimetics include glaucoma, sjögren syndrome and underactive bladder. Some chemical weapons such as sarin or VX, non-lethal riot control agents such as tear gas, and insecticides such as diazinon fall into this category. Structure activity relationships for parasympathomimetic drugs For a cholinergic agent, the following criteria describe the structure activity relationship: # Ing's Rule of 5: there should be no more than five ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acamprosate
Acamprosate, sold under the brand name Campral, is a medication used along with counselling to treat alcohol use disorder. For label updates seFDA index page for NDA 021431/ref> Acamprosate is thought to stabilize chemical signaling in the brain that would otherwise be disrupted by alcohol withdrawal. When used alone, acamprosate is not an effective therapy for alcohol use disorder in most individuals; studies have found that acamprosate works best when used in combination with psychosocial support since the drug facilitates a reduction in alcohol consumption as well as full abstinence. Serious side effects include allergic reactions, abnormal heart rhythms, and low or high blood pressure, while less serious side effects include headaches, insomnia, and impotence. Diarrhea is the most common side-effect. Acamprosate should not be taken by people with kidney problems or allergies to the drug. Until it became generic in the United States, Campral was manufactured and marketed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acetylleucine
Acetylleucine is a modified amino acid used in the treatment of vertigo and cerebellar ataxia. Acetylleucine is also being developed as a possible treatment for several neurological disorders by IntraBio Inc. Clinical trials with acetylleucine for the treatment of three orphan, fatal, neurodegenerative disorders are underway: Niemann-Pick disease type C, GM2 gangliosidoses ( Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff diseases), and ataxia–telangiectasia. In 2020, IntraBio announced the successful multinational clinical trial results of the Niemann-Pick type C clinical trial. IntraBio is also investigating acetylleucine for the treatment of common inherited and acquired neurological diseases including Lewy body dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, restless legs syndrome, multiple sclerosis, and migraine Acetylleucine has received orphan drug designations from the U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Commission. See also * Leucine Leucine (symbol Leu or L) is an es ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flunarizine
Flunarizine, sold under the brand name Sibelium among others, is a drug classified as a calcium antagonist which is used for various indications. It is not available by prescription in the United States or Japan. The drug was discovered at Janssen Pharmaceutica (R14950) in 1968. Medical uses Flunarizine is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an add-on in the treatment of epilepsy where its effect is weak and not recommended. It has been shown to significantly reduce headache frequency and severity in both adults and children. Contraindications Flunarizine is contraindicated in patients with depression, in the acute phase of a stroke, and in patients with extrapyramidal symptoms or Parkinson's disease. It is also contraindicated in hypotension, heart failure and arrhythmia. Side effects Common side effects include drowsiness (20% of patients), weight gain (10%), as well as extrapyramida ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cinnarizine
Cinnarizine is an antihistamine and calcium channel blocker of the diphenylmethylpiperazine group. It is prescribed for nausea and vomiting due to motion sickness or other sources such as chemotherapy, vertigo, or Ménière's disease. Cinnarizine was first synthesized as R1575 by Janssen Pharmaceutica in 1955. The nonproprietary name is derived from the cinnamyl substituent on one of the nitrogen atoms, combined with the generic ending "-rizine" for "antihistaminics/cerebral (or peripheral) vasodilators". It is not available in the United States or Canada. It has also been cited as one of the most used drugs for seasickness within the British Royal Navy. Medical uses Cinnarizine is predominantly used to treat nausea and vomiting associated with motion sickness, vertigo, Ménière's disease, or Cogan's syndrome. In fact, it is one of only a select few drugs that has shown a beneficial effect in the chronic treatment of the vertigo and tinnitus, associated with Meniere's disease ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Betahistine
Betahistine, sold under the brand name Serc among others, is an anti-vertigo medication. It is commonly prescribed for balance disorders or to alleviate vertigo symptoms. It was first registered in Europe in 1970 for the treatment of Ménière's disease but current evidence does not support its efficacy in treating it. Medical uses Betahistine was once believed to have some positive effects in the treatment of Ménière's disease and vertigo but more recent evidence casts doubt over its efficacy. There have been studies of the use of betahistine which showed a reduction in symptoms of vertigo and to a lesser extent, tinnitus, in subjects, but conclusive evidence is lacking at present. Oral betahistine has been approved for the treatment of Ménière’s disease and vestibular vertigo in more than 80 countries worldwide, and has been reportedly prescribed more than 130 million patients. However, betahistine has not been approved for marketing in the United States for the past ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dizziness
Dizziness is an imprecise term that can refer to a sense of disorientation in space, vertigo, or lightheadedness. It can also refer to disequilibrium or a non-specific feeling, such as giddiness or foolishness. Dizziness is a common medical complaint, affecting 20-30% of persons. Dizziness is broken down into 4 main subtypes: vertigo (~25-50%), disequilibrium (less than ~15%), presyncope (less than ~15%), and nonspecific dizziness (~10%). * Vertigo is the sensation of spinning or having one's surroundings spin about them. Many people find vertigo very disturbing and often report associated nausea and vomiting. * Presyncope describes lightheadedness or feeling faint; the name relates to syncope, which is actually fainting. * Disequilibrium is the sensation of being off balance and is most often characterized by frequent falls in a specific direction. This condition is not often associated with nausea or vomiting. * Non-specific dizziness may be psychiatric in origin. It is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diamorphine
Heroin, also known as diacetylmorphine and diamorphine among other names, is a potent opioid mainly used as a recreational drug for its euphoric effects. Medical grade diamorphine is used as a pure hydrochloride salt. Various white and brown powders sold illegally around the world as heroin have variable "cuts". Black tar heroin is a variable admixture of morphine derivatives—predominantly 6-MAM (6-monoacetylmorphine), which is the result of crude acetylation during clandestine production of street heroin. Heroin is used medically in several countries to relieve pain, such as during childbirth or a heart attack, as well as in opioid replacement therapy. It is typically injected, usually into a vein, but it can also be smoked, snorted, or inhaled. In a clinical context, the route of administration is most commonly intravenous injection; it may also be given by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection, as well as orally in the form of tablets. The onset of effects is usually ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Levomethadone
Levomethadone, sold under the brand name L-Polamidon among others, is a synthetic opioid analgesic and antitussive which is marketed in Europe and is used for pain management and in opioid maintenance therapy. In addition to being used as a pharmaceutical drug itself, levomethadone is the main therapeutic component of methadone. Levomethadone is used for narcotic maintenance in place of, or in some cases alongside as an alternative, to racemic methadone, owing to concern about the cardiotoxic and QT-prolonging action of racemic methadone being exclusively caused by the dextrorotatory enantiomer, dextromethadone. Pharmacology Pharmacodynamics Levomethadone has approximately 50x the potency of the ''S''-(+)-enantiomer as well as greater μ-opioid receptor selectivity. Accordingly, it is about twice as potent as methadone by weight and its effects are virtually identical in comparison. In addition to its activity at the opioid receptors, levomethadone has been found to act ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lofexidine
Lofexidine, sold under the brand name Lucemyra among others, is a medication historically used to treat high blood pressure; today, it is more commonly used to help with the physical symptoms of opioid withdrawal. It is taken by mouth. It is an α2A adrenergic receptor agonist. It was approved for use by the Food and Drug Administration in the United States in 2018. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) considers it to be a first-in-class medication. Medical uses In the United States, the brand name Lucemyra (lofexidine HCl) is approved for the "mitigation of withdrawal symptoms to facilitate abrupt discontinuation of opioids in adults," for a treatment duration of 14 days. In the United Kingdom, lofexidine is commonly used in conjunction with the opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone in rapid detoxification cases. When these two drugs are paired, naltrexone is administered to induce an opioid-receptor blockade sending the subject into immediate withdrawal and acceleratin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Levacetylmethadol
Levacetylmethadol (INN), levomethadyl acetate (USAN), OrLAAM (trade name) or levo-α-acetylmethadol (LAAM) is a synthetic opioid similar in structure to methadone. It has a long duration of action due to its active metabolites. Medical uses LAAM is indicated as a second-line treatment for the treatment and management of opioid dependence if patients fail to respond to drugs like methadone or buprenorphine. LAAM is used as an oral solution of LAAM hydrochloride at a concentration of 10 mg/mL in bottles of 120 and 500 mL under the brand name Orlaam. The first dose of LAAM for patients who have not started treatment with methadone is 20–40 mg. The first dose for patients who have been receiving methadone will be a little higher than the amount of methadone that was being taken every day, but not more than 120 mg. Afterwards, the dosage may be adjusted as needed. Unlike methadone, which requires daily administration, LAAM is administered two to three times a week. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Methadone
Methadone, sold under the brand names Dolophine and Methadose among others, is a synthetic opioid agonist used for chronic pain and also for opioid dependence. It is used to treat chronic pain, and it is also used to treat addiction to heroin or other opioids. Prescribed for daily use, the medicine relieves cravings and removes withdrawal symptoms. Detoxification using methadone can be accomplished in less than a month, or it may be done gradually over as long as six months. While a single dose has a rapid effect, maximum effect can take up to five days of use. The pain-relieving effects last about six hours after a single dose. After long-term use, in people with normal liver function, effects last 8 to 36 hours. Methadone is usually taken by mouth and rarely by injection into a muscle or vein. Side effects are similar to those of other opioids. These frequently include dizziness, sleepiness, vomiting, and sweating. Serious risks include opioid abuse and respiratory depre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
