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APEX System
APEX stands for Additive System of Photographic Exposure, which was proposed in the 1960 ASA standard for monochrome film speed, ASA PH2.5-1960, as a means of simplifying exposure computation. Exposure equation Until the late 1960s, cameras did not have built-in exposure meters, and many photographers did not have external exposure meters. Consequently, it often was necessary to calculate exposure from lighting conditions. The relationship of recommended photographic exposure to a scene's average luminance is given by the camera exposure equation :\frac = \frac \, where * A is the f-number (reciprocal of the relative aperture) * T is the exposure time ("shutter speed") in seconds * B is the average scene luminance ("brightness") * S_x is the ASA arithmetic film speed * K is the reflected-light meter calibration constant Use of the symbol B for luminance reflects photographic industry practice at the time of ASA PH2.5-1960; current SI practice prefers the symbol L. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
American Standards Association
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI ) is a private nonprofit organization that oversees the development of voluntary consensus standards for products, services, processes, systems, and personnel in the United States. The organization also coordinates U.S. standards with international standards so that American products can be used worldwide. ANSI accredits standards that are developed by representatives of other standards organizations, government agencies, consumer groups, companies, and others. These standards ensure that the characteristics and performance of products are consistent, that people use the same definitions and terms, and that products are tested the same way. ANSI also accredits organizations that carry out product or personnel certification in accordance with requirements defined in international standards. The organization's headquarters are in Washington, D.C. ANSI's operations office is located in New York City. The ANSI annual operating b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Exposure Step (photography)
Exposure or Exposures may refer to: Arts and entertainment Films * ''Exposure'' (1932 film), an American film * ''Exposure'', another name for the 1991 movie '' A Grande Arte'' starring Peter Coyote * Exposure (2023 film), an American psychological thriller film Literature * ''Exposure'' (Peet novel), a 2008 sports novel by Mal Peet * ''Exposure'' (Reichs novel), a 2014 novel in the Virals series by Kathy and Brendan Reichs * '' Exposure: Poisoned Water, Corporate Greed, and One Lawyer's Twenty-Year Battle Against DuPont'', a 2019 book by Robert Bilott * ''Exposure'', a 2016 novel by Helen Dunmore * "Exposure", a 1918 poem by Wilfred Owen Music * The Exposures, a stage name of German electronic musician Jan Jelinek Albums * ''Exposure'' (Exposé album), 1987 * ''Exposure'' (Robert Fripp album), released in 1979 * ''Exposure'' (Gary Numan album), a compilation album, 2002 * ''Exposure'' (Esperanza Spalding album), 2017 * ''Exposures – In Retrospect and Denial'', a 200 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Manual Shift
{{disambiguation ...
Manual may refer to: Instructions * User guide * Owner's manual * Instruction manual (gaming) * Online help *Procedures manual *Handbook Other uses * Manual (music), a keyboard, as for an organ * Manual (band) * Manual transmission * Manual, a bicycle technique similar to a wheelie, but without the use of pedal torque * Manual, balancing on two wheels in freestyle skateboarding tricks * '' The Manual (How to Have a Number One the Easy Way)'' is a 1988 book by Bill Drummond and Jimmy Cauty See also * Instruction (other) * Tutorial In education, a tutorial is a method of transferring knowledge and may be used as a part of a learning process. More interactive and specific than a book or a lecture, a tutorial seeks to teach by example and supply the information to complete ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shutter (photography)
In photography, a shutter is a device that allows light to pass for a determined period, exposing photographic film or a photosensitive digital sensor to light in order to capture a permanent image of a scene. A shutter can also be used to allow pulses of light to pass outwards, as seen in a movie projector or a signal lamp. A shutter of variable speed is used to control exposure time of the film. The shutter is constructed so that it automatically closes after a certain required time interval. The speed of the shutter is controlled either automatically by the camera based on the overall settings of the camera, manually through digital settings, or manually by a ring outside the camera on which various timings are marked. Camera shutter Camera shutters can be fitted in several positions: * Leaf shutters are usually fitted within a lens assembly (''central shutter''), or more rarely immediately behind (''behind-the-lens shutter'') or, even more rarely, in front of a lens, and s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ricoh
is a Japanese multinational imaging and electronics company. It was founded by the now-defunct commercial division of the Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (Riken) known as the ''Riken Concern'', on 6 February 1936 as . Ricoh's headquarters are located in Ōta, Tokyo. Ricoh produces electronic products, primarily cameras and office equipment such as printers, photocopiers, fax machines, offers Software as a Service (SaaS) document management applications such as DocumentMall, RicohDocs, GlobalScan, Print&Share, MakeLeaps and also offers Projectors. In the late 1990s through early 2000s, the company grew to become the largest copier manufacturer in the world. During this time, Ricoh acquired Savin, Gestetner, Lanier, Rex-Rotary, Monroe, Nashuatec, IKON and most recently IBM Printing Systems Division / Infoprint Solutions Company. Although the Monroe brand was discontinued, products continue to be marketed worldwide under the remaining brand names. In 2006, Ri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Olympus Corporation
is a Japanese manufacturer of optics and reprography products, headquartered in Hachioji, Tokyo. Olympus was established in 1919, initially specializing in microscopes and thermometers, and later in imaging. Olympus holds roughly a 70 percent share of the global endoscope market, estimated to be worth approximately US$2.5 billion. It was formerly also a maker of cameras, camera lens, camera lenses and dictaphones, until it divested this part to OM Digital Solutions in 2020. In 2011, Olympus scandal, Olympus attracted worldwide media scrutiny when it fired its CEO Michael Christopher Woodford for whistleblowing, and the matter snowball effect, snowballed into a corporate corruption investigation with multiple arrests. In 2016, it paid million (equivalent to $million in ) in fines associated with its illegal, long running, Kickback (bribery), kickback scheme. Products Cameras and audio In 1936, Olympus introduced its first camera, the Semi-Olympus I, fitted with the first Z ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Konica
was a Japanese manufacturer of, among other products, film, film cameras, camera accessories, photographic and photo-processing equipment, photocopiers, fax machines and laser printers, founded in 1873. The company merged with Japanese peer Minolta in 2003, forming Konica Minolta. History The company traces its history back to 1873 when pharmacist Rokusaburo Sugiura began selling photographic materials at his shop in Konishiya Rokubē, the biggest pharmacy trader in Tokyo at that time. In 1878, Rokusaburō succeeded to his family and renamed Rokuemon VI (Rokudaime Rokuemon). He gave the original shop to his younger brother and launched a new shop, Konishi Honten (Konishi Main Shop) in the Nihonbashi district of Tokyo. In 1882, Konishi launched a project to produce photography related materials in Japan which were imported at that time. In 1902, Konishi began to sell the "Cherry Portable Camera" (チェリー手提用暗函), the first Japanese produced end-user oriented camer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aires
Aerovías de Integración Regional S.A. (Acronym: ''AIRES'', lit. ''airs''), d/b/a LATAM Airlines Colombia (formerly known as LAN Colombia), is a Colombian airline. It is the second-largest air carrier in Colombia, after Avianca. It operates scheduled regional domestic passenger services, as well as a domestic cargo service. Its main hub is El Dorado International Airport in Bogotá. History The airline was founded on 2 October 1980 as ''AIRES'', starting operations on 23 February 1981, with a few small planes, until they acquired some Embraer 110 Bandeirante and Fairchild F27. In 1990, the airline registered a 9% decrease in passenger transport. With the rise of competition with AeroRepública in November 1992, AIRES made small expansions, mostly adding service to the neighboring countries of Venezuela and Ecuador. In November 1998, the airline began its coverage in the Caribbean Region, opening a base of operations in Barranquilla, from where flights began to: Cart ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Seikosha
was a branch of the Japanese company Seiko that produced clocks, watches, shutters, computer printers and other devices. It was the root of the manufacturing companies of the Seiko Group. History *1881 — Kintarō Hattori opens the watch and jewelry shop " K. Hattori" (''Hattori Tokeiten'' in Japanese; currently named Seiko Holdings Corporation) in the Ginza area of Tokyo, Japan Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of the Asia, Asian mainland, it is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan and extends from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea .... *1892 — is established in Tokyo as the clock manufacturing arm of K. Hattori. *1917 — K. Hattori becomes a company (K. Hattori & Co., Ltd.). *1937 — The watch production division of Seikosha is split off as . *1942 — Daiwa Kogyo, Ltd. is founded in Suwa, Nagano by Hisao Yamazaki. *1943 — Daini Seikosha establishes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kodak
The Eastman Kodak Company, referred to simply as Kodak (), is an American public company that produces various products related to its historic basis in film photography. The company is headquartered in Rochester, New York, and is incorporated in New Jersey. It is best known for photographic film products, which it brought to a mass market for the first time. Kodak began as a partnership between George Eastman and Henry A. Strong to develop a film roll camera. After the release of the Kodak camera, Eastman Kodak was incorporated on May 23, 1892. Under Eastman's direction, the company became one of the world's largest film and camera manufacturers, and also developed a model of welfare capitalism and a close relationship with the city of Rochester. During most of the 20th century, Kodak held a dominant position in photographic film, and produced a number of technological innovations through heavy investment in research and development at Kodak Research Laboratories. Kodak produce ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carl Braun Camera-Werk
Carl Braun Camera-Werk of Nuremberg, Germany, or Braun, as it was more commonly called, was founded as an optical production house. It is best known for its 35mm film cameras named Paxette, and for slide projectors named Paximat. History The company was founded in 1915 under name of ''Karl Braun KG, Fabrik optischer Geräte und Metallwaren'' for the fabrication of optical appliances and metalware. In 1948, the company began producing box film cameras, in rollfilm and 35mm format. It changed its name to ''Carl Braun Camera-Werke''. Its best known model was the Paxette series of 35mm rangefinder cameras. Most of the company's cameras were consumer-level models, though the company did briefly produce several more advanced 35mm rangefinder designs as well as an interesting 35mm single-lens reflex camera line with leaf shutters, the Paxette Reflex (Automatic?)/AMC M335 Reflex. The most advanced of Braun's rangefinders and SLRs had interchangeable lenses. Braun ceased making camera ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
