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AC'97
AC'97 (''Audio Codec '97;'' also MC'97 for ''Modem Codec '97'') is an audio codec standard developed by Intel Architecture Labs and various codec manufacturers in 1997. The standard was used in motherboards, modems, and sound cards. The specification covers two types of components, and the AC-Link digital interface between them: # an AC'97 ''digital controller'' (DC97), which is typically built into the southbridge of the chipset, and # an AC'97 audio and/or modem ''codec'', available from several vendors, which contains the analog components of the architecture. AC'97 defines a high-quality, 16- or 24- bit audio architecture with 5.1 surround sound support for the PC. AC'97 supports a 96 kHz sampling rate at 24-bit stereo resolution and a 48 kHz sampling rate at 24-bit stereo resolution for multichannel recording and playback. Integrated audio is implemented with the AC'97 Codec on the motherboard, a communications and networking riser card, or an audio/modem r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Intel High Definition Audio
Intel High Definition Audio (IHDA) (also called HD Audio or development codename Azalia) is a specification for the audio sub-system of personal computers. It was released by Intel in 2004 as the successor to their AC'97 PC audio standard, but it is not backwards-compatible with it. Features The Intel High Definition Audio specification includes the following features: * Up to 15 input and 15 output streams * Up to 16 PCM audio channels per stream * Sample resolutions of 8–32 bits * Sample rates of 6–192 kHz * Support for audio codecs (e.g., ADC, DAC), modem codecs, and vendor-offered codecs * Discoverable codec architecture * Fine-grained codec power-control * Audio jack detection, sensing, and retasking * Vendor-offered (OEM or IHV) audio enhancement features Motherboards typically do not have any more than eight built-in output channels (7.1 surround sound) and four input channels (back and front panel microphone inputs, and a back-panel stereo line-in). Users ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sound Card
A sound card (also known as an audio card) is an internal expansion card that provides input and output of audio signals to and from a computer under the control of computer programs. The term ''sound card'' is also applied to external audio interfaces used for professional audio applications. Sound functionality can also be integrated into the motherboard, using components similar to those found on plug-in cards. The integrated sound system is often still referred to as a ''sound card''. Sound processing hardware is also present on modern video cards with HDMI to output sound along with the video using that connector; previously they used a S/PDIF connection to the motherboard or sound card. Typical uses of sound cards or sound card functionality include providing the audio component for multimedia applications such as music composition, editing video or audio, presentation, education and entertainment (games) and video projection. Sound cards are also used for computer-b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
I/O Controller Hub
I/O Controller Hub (ICH) is a family of Intel Corporation, Intel southbridge (computing), southbridge microchips used to manage I/O, data communications between a CPU and a motherboard, specifically Intel chipsets based on the Intel Hub Architecture. It is designed to be paired with a second support chip known as a northbridge (computing), northbridge. As with any other southbridge, the ICH is used to connect and control peripheral devices. As CPU speeds increased data transmission between the CPU and support chipset, the support chipset eventually emerged as a wikt:bottleneck, bottleneck between the processor and the motherboard. Accordingly, starting with the 2008 Intel 5 Series, a new architecture was used that incorporated some functions of the traditional north and south bridge chips onto the CPU itself, with the remaining functions being consolidated into a single Platform Controller Hub (PCH) and therefore replacing the traditional two chip setup. ICH The first version of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Realtek
Realtek Semiconductor Corp. () is a Taiwanese fabless semiconductor company situated in the Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu, Taiwan. Realtek was founded in October 1987 and subsequently listed on the Taiwan Stock Exchange in 1998. Realtek has manufactured and sold a variety of Integrated circuit, microchips globally. Its product lines broadly fall into three categories: communications network ICs, computer peripheral ICs, and multimedia ICs. As of 2019, Realtek employs 5,000 people, of whom 78% work in research and development. History Avance Logic Avance Logic, Inc. was a hardware manufacturer founded in 1991 in Fremont, California , Fremont, California, and was most recently headquartered in San Jose, California. Avance Logic focused particularly on the development of low-cost, highly integrated electronic components for Original Equipment Manufacturer , OEM manufacturers and was active in the areas of 2D graphics and audio. A 3D accelerator was developed in the mid-1990s, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Communications And Networking Riser
Communications and networking riser (CNR) is a slot found on certain personal computer motherboards and used for specialized networking, audio, or telephony equipment. A motherboard manufacturer may choose to provide such functionality in any combination on a CNR card. Introduced by Intel in 2000, CNR slots were once commonly found on Pentium III–class motherboards, but have since been phased out in favor of on-board or embedded components. Technology Physically, a CNR slot has two rows of 30 pins, with two possible pin configurations—Type A and Type B—each with different pin assignments. CNR Type A uses an 8-pin PHY interface, while Type B uses a 17-pin media-independent interface (MII) bus LAN interface. Both types carry USB and AC'97 signals. As with the audio/modem riser (AMR), CNR had the cost savings potential for manufacturers by removing analog I/O components from the motherboard. This allowed the manufacturer to only certify with the Federal Communications Commi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Southbridge (computing)
In computing, a southbridge is a component of a traditional two-part chipset architecture on motherboards, historically used in personal computers. It works alongside the northbridge to manage communications between the central processing unit (CPU) and lower-speed peripheral interfaces. The northbridge typically handled high-speed connections such as RAM and GPU interfaces, while the southbridge managed lower-speed functions. The southbridge controls a range of input/output (I/O) functions, including USB, audio, firmware (e.g., BIOS or UEFI), storage interfaces such as SATA, NVMe, and legacy PATA, as well as buses like PCI, LPC, and SPI. Southbridge and northbridge components were often designed to work in pairs, though there was no universal standard for interoperability. In the 1990s and early 2000s, they commonly communicated via the PCI bus; more recent chipsets use Direct Media Interface (Intel) or PCI Express (AMD). Intel referred to its southbridge as the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pulse-code Modulation
Pulse-code modulation (PCM) is a method used to digitally represent analog signals. It is the standard form of digital audio in computers, compact discs, digital telephony and other digital audio applications. In a PCM stream, the amplitude of the analog signal is sampled at uniform intervals, and each sample is quantized to the nearest value within a range of digital steps. Alec Reeves, Claude Shannon, Barney Oliver and John R. Pierce are credited with its invention. Linear pulse-code modulation (LPCM) is a specific type of PCM in which the quantization levels are linearly uniform. This is in contrast to PCM encodings in which quantization levels vary as a function of amplitude (as with the A-law algorithm or the μ-law algorithm). Though ''PCM'' is a more general term, it is often used to describe data encoded as LPCM. A PCM stream has two basic properties that determine the stream's fidelity to the original analog signal: the sampling rate, which is the number of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Handshake (computing)
In computing, a handshake is a signal between two devices or programs, used to, e.g., authenticate, coordinate. An example is the handshaking between a hypervisor and an application in a guest virtual machine. In telecommunications, a handshake is an automated process of negotiation between two participants (example "Alice and Bob") through the exchange of information that establishes the protocols of a communication link at the start of the communication, before full communication begins. The handshaking process usually takes place in order to establish rules for communication when a computer attempts to communicate with another device. Signals are usually exchanged between two devices to establish a communication link. For example, when a computer communicates with another device such as a modem, the two devices will signal each other that they are switched on and ready to work, as well as to agree to which protocols are being used. Handshaking can negotiate parameters tha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quad Flat Package
A quad flat package (QFP) is a surface-mounted integrated circuit package with "gull wing" leads extending from each of the four sides. Socketing such packages is rare and through-hole mounting is not possible. Versions ranging from 32 to 304 pins with a pitch ranging from 0.4 to 1.0 mm are common. Other special variants include low-profile QFP (LQFP) and thin QFP (TQFP). The first QFPs were introduced in Japan in 1977 in order to provide more pins on a small package to allow a greater number of digits on electronic calculators. It soon spread to other consumer electronics in that country. The QPF only became common in Europe and United States during the early nineties. It is often mixed with hole mounted, and sometimes socketed, components on the same printed circuit board (PCB). A package related to QFP is plastic leaded chip carrier (PLCC) which is similar but has pins with larger pitch, 1.27 mm (or 1/20 inch), curved up underneath a thicker body to simpli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sample Rate Conversion
Sample-rate conversion, sampling-frequency conversion or resampling is the process of changing the sampling rate or sampling frequency of a discrete signal to obtain a new discrete representation of the underlying continuous signal. Application areas include image scaling and audio/visual systems, where different sampling rates may be used for engineering, economic, or historical reasons. For example, Compact Disc Digital Audio and Digital Audio Tape systems use different sampling rates, and American television, European television, and movies all use different frame rates. Sample-rate conversion prevents changes in speed and pitch that would otherwise occur when transferring recorded material between such systems. More specific types of resampling include: ''upsampling'' or ''upscaling''; ''downsampling'', ''downscaling'', or ''decimation''; and ''interpolation''. The term multi-rate digital signal processing is sometimes used to refer to systems that incorporate sample-rate co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
