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3,4-Dihydroxymethamphetamine
3,4-Dihydroxymethamphetamine (HHMA, 3,4-DHMA), or 3,4-dihydroxy-''N''-methylamphetamine, also known as α-methylepinine or α,''N''-dimethyldopamine, is the major metabolite of 3,4-methylenedioxy-''N''-methylamphetamine (MDMA). It is formed from MDMA by ''O''-demethylation via cytochrome P450 enzymes including CYP2D6 as well as CYP1A2 and CYP3A4. Like MDMA, HHMA is a monoamine releasing agent. Along with 3,4-dihydroxyamphetamine (HHA; α-methyldopamine), HHMA may be involved in the serotonergic neurotoxicity of MDMA. However, findings in this regard are conflicting, and the neurotoxicity of MDMA and related agents may instead be based on their mechanism of action without involvement of metabolites. See also * 3,4-Dihydroxyamphetamine (HHA; α-methyldopamine) * 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyamphetamine (HMA) * 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine (HMMA) * 2,4,5-Trihydroxyamphetamine (THA) * 2,4,5-Trihydroxymethamphetamine 2,4,5-Trihydroxymethamphetamine (THMA or THM) is a neurotoxin and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2,4,5-Trihydroxymethamphetamine
2,4,5-Trihydroxymethamphetamine (THMA or THM) is a neurotoxin and a metabolite of MDMA. It has structural similarity to the dopamine neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine, and produces lasting serotonin deficits when administered centrally. See also * 2,4,5-Trihydroxyamphetamine (THA) * 3,4-Dihydroxyamphetamine (HHA; α-methyldopamine) * 3,4-Dihydroxymethamphetamine (HHMA; α-methylepinine) * 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyamphetamine (HMA) * 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine (HMMA) is an active metabolite An active metabolite is an active form of a drug after it has been processed by the body. Metabolites of drugs An active metabolite results when a drug is metabolized by the body ... (HMMA) References Human pathological metabolites Methamphetamines Monoaminergic neurotoxins Recreational drug metabolites {{Neurotoxin-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monoaminergic Neurotoxins
A monoamine neurotoxin, or monoaminergic neurotoxin, is a drug that selectively damages or destroys monoaminergic neurons. Monoaminergic neurons are neurons that signal via stimulation by monoamine neurotransmitters including serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. Examples of monoamine neurotoxins include the serotonergic neurotoxins ''para''-chloroamphetamine (PCA), methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT); the dopaminergic neurotoxins oxidopamine (6-hydroxydopamine), MPTP, and methamphetamine; and the noradrenergic neurotoxins oxidopamine and DSP-4. In the case of serotonergic neurotoxins like MDMA, research suggests that simultaneous induction of serotonin and dopamine release, serotonin depletion, dopamine uptake and metabolism, hyperthermia, oxidative stress and antioxidant depletion, and/or drug metabolites may all be involved in the neurotoxicity. On the other hand, there is evidence that drug metabolites may not be involved. Some ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2,4,5-Trihydroxyamphetamine
2,4,5-Trihydroxyamphetamine (THA) is a neurotoxin and a metabolite of MDMA. It comes from the ring-hydroxylation of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA). In one paper, it was shown to reduce hippocampal tryptophan hydroxylase activity by 54% after short-term treatment. In another study, it was shown to significantly reduce striatal tyrosine hydroxylase activity. See also * 2,4,5-Trihydroxymethamphetamine (THMA) * 3,4-Dihydroxyamphetamine (HHA; α-methyldopamine) * 3,4-Dihydroxymethamphetamine (HHMA; α-methylepinine) * 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyamphetamine (HMA) * 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine (HMMA) is an active metabolite An active metabolite is an active form of a drug after it has been processed by the body. Metabolites of drugs An active metabolite results when a drug is metabolized by the body ... (HMMA) References Human pathological metabolites Monoaminergic neurotoxins Substituted amphetamines Recreational drug metabolites ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Serotonergic Neurotoxin
A monoamine neurotoxin, or monoaminergic neurotoxin, is a drug that selectively damages or destroys monoaminergic neurons. Monoaminergic neurons are neurons that signal via stimulation by monoamine neurotransmitters including serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. Examples of monoamine neurotoxins include the serotonergic neurotoxins ''para''-chloroamphetamine (PCA), methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT); the dopaminergic neurotoxins oxidopamine (6-hydroxydopamine), MPTP, and methamphetamine; and the noradrenergic neurotoxins oxidopamine and DSP-4. In the case of serotonergic neurotoxins like MDMA, research suggests that simultaneous induction of serotonin and dopamine release, serotonin depletion, dopamine uptake and metabolism, hyperthermia, oxidative stress and antioxidant depletion, and/or drug metabolites may all be involved in the neurotoxicity. On the other hand, there is evidence that drug metabolites may not be involved. Some ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Methamphetamines
Methamphetamine (contracted from ) is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is mainly used as a recreational drug and less commonly as a second-line treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and obesity. Methamphetamine was discovered in 1893 and exists as two enantiomers: levo-methamphetamine and dextro-methamphetamine. ''Methamphetamine'' properly refers to a specific chemical substance, the racemic free base, which is an equal mixture of levomethamphetamine and dextromethamphetamine in their pure amine forms. It is rarely prescribed over concerns involving human neurotoxicity and potential for recreational use as an aphrodisiac and euphoriant, among other concerns, as well as the availability of safer substitute drugs with comparable treatment efficacy such as Adderall and Vyvanse. Dextromethamphetamine is a stronger CNS stimulant than levomethamphetamine. Both racemic methamphetamine and dextromethamphetamine are illicitly trafficked and sol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Human Pathological Metabolites
Humans (''Homo sapiens'') are the most abundant and widespread species of primate, characterized by bipedalism and exceptional cognitive skills due to a large and complex brain. This has enabled the development of advanced tools, culture, and language. Humans are highly social and tend to live in complex social structures composed of many cooperating and competing groups, from families and kinship networks to political states. Social interactions between humans have established a wide variety of values, social norms, and rituals, which bolster human society. Its intelligence and its desire to understand and influence the environment and to explain and manipulate phenomena have motivated humanity's development of science, philosophy, mythology, religion, and other fields of study. Although some scientists equate the term ''humans'' with all members of the genus ''Homo'', in common usage, it generally refers to ''Homo sapiens'', the only extant member. Anatomically modern hum ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Human Drug Metabolites
Humans (''Homo sapiens'') are the most abundant and widespread species of primate, characterized by bipedalism and exceptional cognitive skills due to a large and complex brain. This has enabled the development of advanced tools, culture, and language. Humans are highly social and tend to live in complex social structures composed of many cooperating and competing groups, from families and kinship networks to political states. Social interactions between humans have established a wide variety of values, social norms, and rituals, which bolster human society. Its intelligence and its desire to understand and influence the environment and to explain and manipulate phenomena have motivated humanity's development of science, philosophy, mythology, religion, and other fields of study. Although some scientists equate the term ''humans'' with all members of the genus '' Homo'', in common usage, it generally refers to ''Homo sapiens'', the only extant member. Anatom ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Catecholamines
A catecholamine (; abbreviated CA) is a monoamine neurotransmitter, an organic compound that has a catechol (benzene with two hydroxyl side groups next to each other) and a side-chain amine. Catechol can be either a free molecule or a substituent of a larger molecule, where it represents a 1,2-dihydroxybenzene group. Catecholamines are derived from the amino acid tyrosine, which is derived from dietary sources as well as synthesis from phenylalanine. Catecholamines are water-soluble and are 50% bound to plasma proteins in circulation. Included among catecholamines are epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and dopamine. Release of the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla of the adrenal glands is part of the fight-or-flight response. Tyrosine is created from phenylalanine by hydroxylation by the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase. Tyrosine is also ingested directly from dietary protein. Catecholamine-secreting cells use several ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
3,4-Dihydroxymethcathinone
3,4-Dihydroxymethcathinone (HHMC), or 3,4-dihydroxy-''N''-methylcathinone, is a monoamine releasing agent of the amphetamine and cathinone families. It is an active metabolite of methylone (3,4-methylenedioxymethcathinone; MDMC). The drug is a norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (NDRA), with values of 110nM for norepinephrine, 90nM for dopamine, and 14,100nM for serotonin in rat brain synaptosomes. HHMC was first described in the scientific literature by 2017. See also * 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxymethcathinone (HMMC; 4-HO-3-MeO-MC) * α-Methyldopamine (3,4-dihydroxyamphetamine; HHA; 3,4-DHA) * α-Methylepinine (3,4-dihydroxymethamphetamine; HHMA, 3,4-DHMA) * 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyamphetamine (HMA) * 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine (HMMA) is an active metabolite An active metabolite is an active form of a drug after it has been processed by the body. Metabolites of drugs An active metabolite results when a drug is metabolized by the bo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
4-Hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine
4-Hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine (HMMA) is an active metabolite An active metabolite is an active form of a drug after it has been processed by the body. Metabolites of drugs An active metabolite results when a drug is metabolized by the body into a modified form which continues to produce effects in the body ... of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). It is a slightly more potent stimulant than MDMA. References Methamphetamines Human drug metabolites {{organic-compound-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
