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3-cyanopyridine
Nicotinonitrile or 3-cyanopyridine is an organic compound with the formula NCC5H4N. The molecule consists of a pyridine ring with a nitrile group attached to the 3-position. A colorless solid, it is produced by ammoxidation of 3-methylpyridine: :H3CC5H4N + NH3 + 1.5 O2 → NCC5H4N + 3 H2O Nicotinonitrile is a precursor to the vitamin niacin. Nitrilase-catalyzed hydrolysis of 3-cyanopyridine by means of immobilized ''Rhodococcus rhodochrous'' J1 strains leads in quantitative yield to nicotinamide (vitamin B3). The enzyme allows for a more selective synthesis as further hydrolysis of the amide to nicotinic acid is avoided. Oxidation of 3-cyanopyridine with hydrogen peroxide gives 3-cyanopyridine N-oxide, which hydrolyzes to nicotinic acid N-oxide Nicotinic acid ''N''-oxide is an organic compound with the formula (HO2C)C5H4NO. It is the ''N''-oxide of nicotinic acid ((HO2C)C5H4N). It is prepared by oxidation of nicotinic acid or the hydrolysis of 3-cyanopyridine '' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ammoxidation
In organic chemistry, ammoxidation is a process for the production of nitriles () using ammonia () and oxygen (). It is sometimes called the SOHIO process, acknowledging that ammoxidation was developed at Standard Oil of Ohio. The usual substrates are alkenes. Several million tons of acrylonitrile are produced in this way annually: :CH3CH=CH2 + 3/2 O2 + NH3 -> N#CCH=CH2 + 3 H2O Scope Ammoxidation of alkenes exploits the weak C-H bonds that are located in the allylic position of unsaturated hydrocarbons. Benzylic C-H bonds are also susceptible to ammoxidation, reflecting the weakness of their C-H bonds. Benzonitrile is produced from toluene, and phthalonitriles are produced from xylenes. The reaction represents a partial oxidation. Many byproducts are generated, but the feedstocks are often simple, which compensates for these losses. Additionally, some byproducts are useful or recyclable. For the production of acrylonitrile, byproducts include hydrogen cyanide, acrole ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nitrile Hydratase
Nitrile hydratases (NHases; ) are mononuclear iron or non-corrinoid cobalt enzymes that catalyse the hydration of diverse nitriles to their corresponding amides R-C≡N + H2O → R-C(O)NH2 Metal cofactor In biochemistry, cobalt is in general found in a corrin ring, such as in vitamin B12. Nitrile hydratase is one of the rare enzyme types that use cobalt in a non-corrinoid manner. The mechanism by which the cobalt is transported to NHase without causing toxicity is unclear, although a cobalt permease has been identified, which transports cobalt across the cell membrane. The identity of the metal in the active site of a nitrile hydratase can be predicted by analysis of the sequence data of the alpha subunit in the region where the metal is bound. The presence of the amino acid sequence VCTLC indicates a Co-centred NHase and the presence of VCSLC indicates Fe-centred NHase. Metabolic pathway Nitrile hydratase and amidase are two hydrating and hydrolytic enzymes responsible for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nicotinic Acid N-oxide
Nicotinic acid ''N''-oxide is an organic compound with the formula (HO2C)C5H4NO. It is the ''N''-oxide of nicotinic acid ((HO2C)C5H4N). It is prepared by oxidation of nicotinic acid or the hydrolysis of 3-cyanopyridine ''N''-oxide. The compound is a precursor to the popular drugs niflumic acid and pranoprofen Pranoprofen (INN) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used in ophthalmology Ophthalmology ( ) is a surgical subspecialty within medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of eye disorders. An ophthalmologist is a physi ....{{Ullmann, doi=10.1002/14356007.a22_399, chapter=Pyridine and Pyridine Derivatives, year=2000, last1=Shimizu, first1=Shinkichi, last2=Watanabe, first2=Nanao, last3=Kataoka, first3=Toshiaki, last4=Shoji, first4=Takayuki, last5=Abe, first5=Nobuyuki, last6=Morishita, first6=Sinji, last7=Ichimura, first7=Hisao, isbn=3527306730 References Amine oxides Pyridinium compounds Carboxylic acids ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Organic Compound
In chemistry, organic compounds are generally any chemical compounds that contain carbon-hydrogen or carbon-carbon bonds. Due to carbon's ability to catenate (form chains with other carbon atoms), millions of organic compounds are known. The study of the properties, reactions, and syntheses of organic compounds comprise the discipline known as organic chemistry. For historical reasons, a few classes of carbon-containing compounds (e.g., carbonate salts and cyanide salts), along with a few other exceptions (e.g., carbon dioxide, hydrogen cyanide), are not classified as organic compounds and are considered inorganic. Other than those just named, little consensus exists among chemists on precisely which carbon-containing compounds are excluded, making any rigorous definition of an organic compound elusive. Although organic compounds make up only a small percentage of Earth's crust, they are of central importance because all known life is based on organic compounds. Living t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nitrile
In organic chemistry, a nitrile is any organic compound that has a functional group. The prefix ''cyano-'' is used interchangeably with the term ''nitrile'' in industrial literature. Nitriles are found in many useful compounds, including methyl cyanoacrylate, used in super glue, and nitrile rubber, a nitrile-containing polymer used in latex-free laboratory and medical gloves. Nitrile rubber is also widely used as automotive and other seals since it is resistant to fuels and oils. Organic compounds containing multiple nitrile groups are known as cyanocarbons. Inorganic compounds containing the group are not called nitriles, but cyanides instead. Though both nitriles and cyanides can be derived from cyanide salts, most nitriles are not nearly as toxic. Structure and basic properties The N−C−C geometry is linear in nitriles, reflecting the sp hybridization of the triply bonded carbon. The C−N distance is short at 1.16 Å, consistent with a triple bond. Nitriles a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
3-methylpyridine
3-Methylpyridine or 3-picoline, is an organic compound with formula 3-CH3C5H4N. It is one of three positional isomers of methylpyridine, whose structures vary according to where the methyl group is attached around the pyridine ring. This colorless liquid is a precursor to pyridine derivatives that have applications in the pharmaceutical and agricultural industries. Like pyridine, 3-methylpyridine is a colorless liquid with a strong odor and is classified as a weak base. Synthesis 3-Methylpyridine is produced industrially by the reaction of acrolein, with ammonia. These ingredients are combined as gases which flows over an oxide-based heterogeneous catalyst. The reaction is multistep, culminating in cyclisation. :2 CH2CHCHO + NH3 → CH3C5H4N + 2H2O This process also affords substantial amounts of pyridine, which arises by demethylation of the 3-methylpyridine. A route that gives better control of the product starts with acrolein, propionaldehyde, and ammonia: :CH2CHCHO ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Niacin (substance)
Niacin, also known as nicotinic acid, is an organic compound and a form of vitamin B3, an essential human nutrient. It can be manufactured by plants and animals from the amino acid tryptophan. Niacin is obtained in the diet from a variety of whole and processed foods, with highest contents in fortified packaged foods, meat, poultry, red fish such as tuna and salmon, lesser amounts in nuts, legumes and seeds. Niacin as a dietary supplement is used to treat pellagra, a disease caused by niacin deficiency. Signs and symptoms of pellagra include skin and mouth lesions, anemia, headaches, and tiredness. Many countries mandate its addition to wheat flour or other food grains, thereby reducing the risk of pellagra. The amide derivative nicotinamide (niacinamide) is a component of the coenzymes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+). Although niacin and nicotinamide are identical in their vitamin activity, nicotinamide doe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rhodococcus Rhodochrous
''Rhodococcus rhodochrous'' is a bacterium used as a soil inoculant in agriculture and horticulture. It is gram positive, in the shape of rods/cocci, oxidase negative, and catalase positive. It is industrially produced to catalyse acrylonitrile conversion to acrylamide. It is also used in the industrial production of nicotinamide (niacinamide), a derivative or active form of niacin, part of the B vitamin complex. A 2015 study showed that ''Rhodococcus rhodochrous'' could inhibit the growth of ''Pseudogymnoascus destructans'', the fungal species responsible for white nose syndrome White-nose syndrome (WNS) is a fungal disease in North American bats which has resulted in the dramatic decrease of the bat population in the United States and Canada, reportedly killing millions as of 2018. The condition is named for a distincti ... in bats. References Further reading * Retrieved 13 November 2014. External linksType strain of ''Rhodococcus rhodochrous'' at Bac''Dive'' - the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Appl
Benjamin Appl (born 26 June 1982) is a German-British lyric baritone, a classical singer who has appeared world-wide in opera houses and concert halls, particularly known as a Lieder singer. Early life and education Born in Regensburg, Appl has two older brothers, with whom he sang as a chorister with the Regensburger Domspatzen, the boys' choir at the Regensburg Cathedral, performing in concerts across Europe and Asia. Following secondary school, rather than spending a compulsory year in the army he completed his alternative community service working for the Bayerischer Blinden- und Sehbehindertenbund in Regensburg, providing assistance to blind people in the community. He started training as a bank clerk at the Liga Bank in Regensburg. He then studied business administration at the University of Regensburg, graduating in 2009 with a diploma. His diploma thesis, an empirical study of withdrawn initial public offerings, received the highest possible marks. He was awarded a scho ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Springer Science & Business Media
Springer Science+Business Media, commonly known as Springer, is a German multinational publishing company of books, e-books and peer-reviewed journals in science, humanities, technical and medical (STM) publishing. Originally founded in 1842 in Berlin, it expanded internationally in the 1960s, and through mergers in the 1990s and a sale to venture capitalists it fused with Wolters Kluwer and eventually became part of Springer Nature in 2015. Springer has major offices in Berlin, Heidelberg, Dordrecht, and New York City. History Julius Springer founded Springer-Verlag in Berlin in 1842 and his son Ferdinand Springer grew it from a small firm of 4 employees into Germany's then second largest academic publisher with 65 staff in 1872.Chronology ". Springer Science+Business Media. In 1964, Springer expanded its business internationa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Georg Thieme Verlag
Thieme Medical Publishers is a German medical and science publisher in the Thieme Publishing Group. It produces professional journals, textbooks, atlases, monographs and reference books in both German and English covering a variety of medical specialties, including neurosurgery, orthopaedics, endocrinology, urology, radiology, anatomy, chemistry, otolaryngology, ophthalmology, audiology and speech-language pathology, complementary and alternative medicine. Thieme has more than 1,000 employees and maintains offices in seven cities worldwide, including New York City, Beijing, Delhi, Stuttgart, and three other cities in Germany. History Georg Thieme Verlag was founded in 1886 in Leipzig, Germany, by Georg Thieme when he was 26 years old. Thieme remains privately held and family-owned. The company received some early success in 1896 by publishing Wilhelm Röntgen's famous picture of his wife's hand in what is still one of Thieme's and Germany's oldest journals, the ''Deutsche ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nicotinic Acid
Niacin, also known as nicotinic acid, is an organic compound and a form of vitamin B3, an essential human nutrient. It can be manufactured by plants and animals from the amino acid tryptophan. Niacin is obtained in the diet from a variety of whole and processed foods, with highest contents in fortified packaged foods, meat, poultry, red fish such as tuna and salmon, lesser amounts in nuts, legumes and seeds. Niacin as a dietary supplement is used to treat pellagra, a disease caused by niacin deficiency. Signs and symptoms of pellagra include skin and mouth lesions, anemia, headaches, and tiredness. Many countries mandate its addition to wheat flour or other food grains, thereby reducing the risk of pellagra. The amide derivative nicotinamide (niacinamide) is a component of the coenzymes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+). Although niacin and nicotinamide are identical in their vitamin activity, nicotinamide doe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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