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2022–2023 Brazilian Election Protests
The 2022–2023 Brazilian election protests began shortly after the conclusion of the 2022 Brazilian general election's second round on October 30, in which Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva was elected president. Supporters of Jair Bolsonaro, who are frequently referred to in media accounts as Bolsonaristas, alleging election fraud, began blocking roads and highways in the country. At least 23 Brazilian states, plus the Federal District, recorded roadblocks as of 1 November, adding up to at least 267 roadblocks according to data from Federal Highway Police (PRF). The protesters have in common the rejection of the election result and call for a coup or a federal or military intervention to prevent the inauguration of the elected president, which affronts the Brazilian Constitution. These blockades have been widely criticized by entities, politicians, and authorities due to the fact that they have caused large losses of food, paralysis of supply products such as fuel and medicines, imp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Timóteo
Timóteo is a Brazilian Municipalities of Brazil, municipality in the state of Minas Gerais, located by the Piracicaba River (Minas Gerais), Piracicaba River. The population as of 2020 was 90,568 inhabitants. The city is situated in the metropolitan area of the Steel Valley (Vale do Aço). It is the hometown of Aperam South America (old Acesita), a steel factory specialized in the production of stainless steel, now named Aperam. The municipality contains part of the Rio Doce State Park, created in 1944, the first state-level conservation unit in Minas Gerais. File:Escritório Central da Aperam South America, Timóteo MG2.JPG, Aperam South America's central headquarter File:Monumento Sinergia, Timóteo MG.JPG, Sinergia Monument File:Praça 1º de Maio, Timóteo MG.JPG, ''1º de Maio'' (1 May) Square, in the ''Centro-Norte'' (North-Central). File:Igreja São José Operário de Acesita, Timóteo MG.JPG, Saint Joseph the Worker church (North-Central) File:Vista parcial da Praça 29 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Civil Disorder
Civil disorder, also known as civil disturbance, civil unrest, or social unrest is a situation arising from a mass act of civil disobedience (such as a demonstration, riot, strike, or unlawful assembly) in which law enforcement has difficulty maintaining their authority. Engagement According to the U.S. Code, a person is engaged in civil disorder if they - Causes Any number of things may cause civil disorder, whether it is a single cause or a combination of causes; however, most are born from political grievances, economic disparities, social discord, but historically have been the result of long-standing oppression by a group of people towards another. Civil disorder arising from political grievances can include a range of events, from a simple protest to a mass civil disobedience. These events can be spontaneous, but can also be planned. These events can turn violent when agitators and law enforcers overreact. Civil disorder has in history arisen from economic dispu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jair Bolsonaro
Jair Messias Bolsonaro (; born 21 March 1955) is a Brazilian politician and retired military officer who has been the 38th president of Brazil since 1 January 2019. He was elected in 2018 as a member of the Social Liberal Party, which he turned into a conservative party, before cutting ties with it. In 2021, he joined the Liberal Party. From 1991 to 2018, Bolsonaro served in Brazil's Chamber of Deputies, representing the state of Rio de Janeiro. Bolsonaro was born in Glicério, in the state of São Paulo. He graduated from the Agulhas Negras Military Academy in 1977 and served in the Brazilian Army's field artillery and parachutist units. He became known to the public in 1986, when he wrote an article for ''Veja'' magazine criticizing low wages for military officers, after which he was arrested and detained for 15 days. A year later, the same magazine accused him of planning to plant bombs in military units, which he denied. A lower court convicted him, but the Brazilian Su ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Torcida Organizada
Torcidas organizadas () are formal (or informal) associations of football fans in Brazil in the same vein as '' barras bravas'' in the rest of Latin America, ''hooligan firms'' in United Kingdom and ''ultras'' in the rest of Europe, Asia, Australia and North Africa. The name is based on the Portuguese verb ''torcer'', which means "to wring" or "to twist"; the definition shifted to "to root for" after wringing scarfs became an emotional outlet for female Brazilian spectators attending football matches in the 1930s. The rationale for the fans' behavior is that it can help the team gather strength to beat the opponent. Beginnings in Brazil In the beginning of the 1940s, and until the 1960s, ''torcidas organizadas'' were informal associations of fans who gathered to buy fireworks, cloth for large flags, and other stuff to be used during celebrations. The first one was the "Charanga Rubro-Negra" (Flamengo), created in 1942. Later, such associations became permanent, and were legall ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Homeless Workers' Movement
The Homeless Workers Movement ( pt, Movimento dos Trabalhadores Sem Teto. MTST) is a social movement in Brazil. It originated from the Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra ( en, Landless Rural Workers' Movement). Although the MTST can trace its first urban activism efforts to the occupation of Campinas in São Paulo during the 1997 National People’s March, this intervention was organized within the Landless Rural Worker’s Rural Movement (MST) structure. The first proper occupation as a new sociopolitical actor, distinct from the MST, took place in Guarulhos in 2002. It was named after Anita Garibaldi, considered to be a radical social reformer during her lifetime. The Struggle for Housing Through direct confrontation and negotiation with the local, state or the federal government, MTST attempts to reduce Brazil's housing deficit by staging squatters' occupations in unoccupied plots marked as Special Social Interest Zones (Zonas Especiais de Interesse Social) that ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Public Security Force
The National Public Security Force ( pt, Força Nacional de Segurança Pública) was created in 2004 and is headquartered in Brasília, in the Federal District, as a joint cooperation of various Brazilian Public Safety forces, co-ordinated by the ''National Secretariat of Public Security'' ( pt, Secretaria Nacional de Segurança Pública - SENASP), of the Ministry of Justice. It is an agency that was created during the administration of President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, a concept developed by then Minister of Justice, Márcio Thomaz Bastos. Command The Secretary of the SENASP, Police Commissioner of the Brazilian Federal Police, Luiz Fernando Correa, is in overall charge of the Force, while the Colonel of the Military Police of Acre, José Américo de Souza Gaia, has operational and direct control of the force. Training The National Force is composed by men of the Brazilian Military Police of the various states of Brazil, in coordination with the Secretary of Publ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Federal Police Of Brazil
The Federal Police of Brazil (Portuguese: ''Polícia Federal'') is a federal law enforcement agency of Brazil and one of the three national police forces. The other two are the Federal Highway Police, and the National Force. From 1944 to 1967 it was called the Federal Public Safety Department (Portuguese: ''Departamento Federal de Segurança Pública''). The Federal Police Department is responsible for combating crimes against federal institutions, international drug trafficking, terrorism, cyber-crime, organized crime, public corruption, white-collar crime, money laundering, immigration, border control, airport security and maritime policing. It is subordinate to the Ministry of Justice and Public Security. Legal authority The Federal Police's mandate was established in the first paragraph of Article 144 of the Brazilian Constitution, which assigns it the following roles: #To investigate criminal offenses against political and social order, or against goods, services and inte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Riot Police
Riot police are police who are organized, deployed, trained or equipped to confront crowds, protests or riots. Riot police may be regular police who act in the role of riot police in particular situations or they may be separate units organized within or in parallel to regular police forces. Riot police are used in a variety of different situations and for a variety of different purposes. They may be employed to control riots as their name suggests, to disperse or control crowds, to maintain public order or discourage criminality, or to protect people or property. Riot gear Riot police often use special equipment termed riot gear to help protect themselves and attack others, oftentimes simultaneously. Riot gear typically includes personal armor, batons, and riot helmets. Many riot police teams also deploy specialized less-than-lethal weapons, such as pepper spray, tear gas, rifles that fire rubber bullets, stun grenades, water cannons and Long Range Acoustic Devices. L ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Military Police (Brazil)
Military Police ( pt, Polícia Militar, , also known as ''PM'', ) are the preventive state police of the states and of the Federal District of Brazil. The Military Police units are the main ostensive police force at the state level and are responsible for policing and maintaining the public order. Their formations, rules and uniforms vary depending on the state. Investigative work and forensics are undertaken by the Civil Police of each state. All state Military Police and Military Firefighters Corps are classed as reserve troops and ancillary forces of the Brazilian Army. In time of war (or other emergencies) the military police forces can be pressed into federal service. But they remain distinct from the provosts belonging to the other services within the Brazilian Military: the corps Army Police ( pt, Polícia do Exército, PE) for the Army, Police Company of the Naval Battalion (''Companhia de Polícia do Batalhão Naval'') for the Navy, and Air Force Police ( pt, Polí ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Federal Highway Police (Brazil)
The Brazilian Federal Highway Police (''Polícia Rodoviária Federal'' or ''PRF'') is a federal highway patrol, subordinate to the Ministry of Justice, whose main function is fighting crime on Brazilian federal roads and highways, as well as monitoring and supervising vehicular traffic, although it has also taken on duties that go beyond its original authority, such as action within Brazilian cities and forests in conjunction with other public safety agencies. It was subordinate to the old National Department of Roadways (''Departamento Nacional de Estradas de Rodagem'' or ''DNER''), now the National Department of Transport Infrastructure (''Departamento Nacional de Infra-Estrutura de Transportes'' or ''DNIT''), until the publication of Law 8,028 of 12 April 1990, which redefined the structure of the Brazilian executive branch. Its competences are defined by article 144 of the Federal Constitution and by Law 9,503 (Brazilian Traffic Code), by Decree 1655 of 3 October 1995 and b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Law Enforcement In Brazil
In Brazil, the Federal Constitution establishes eight law enforcement institutions - seven titulars and one auxiliar. The titular institutions are: the Federal Police, the Federal Highway Police, the Federal Railroad Police, the Federal Penal Police, the State Military Police and Fire Brigade, the State Civil Police and the State Penal Police. Of these, the first four are affiliated to federal authorities and the latter three are subordinated to state governments. These public safety institutions are part of the Executive branch of either federal or state government. Apart from these eight institutions, there are others which affiliate to municipal authorities: the Municipal Guards. According to Minister Alexandre de Moraes of the Supreme Federal Court, "...the Municipal Guards are inserted in public safety as the auxiliary and related body of public security force..." Federal law 13,022 (in effect since August 8, 2014) gave them ''de facto'' and ''de jure'' police attribution ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Looting
Looting is the act of stealing, or the taking of goods by force, typically in the midst of a military, political, or other social crisis, such as war, natural disasters (where law and civil enforcement are temporarily ineffective), or rioting. The proceeds of all these activities can be described as booty, loot, plunder, spoils, or pillage. During modern-day armed conflicts, looting is prohibited by international law, and constitutes a war crime.Rule 52. Pillage is prohibited. ''Customary IHL Database'', (ICRC)/ |
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