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2-Bromobutane
2-Bromobutane is an isomer of 1-Bromobutane, 1-bromobutane. Both compounds share the molecular formula C4H9Br. 2-Bromobutane is also known as ''sec''-butyl bromide or methylethylbromomethane. Because it contains bromine, a halogen, it is part of a larger class of compounds known as alkyl halides. It is a colorless liquid with a pleasant odor. Because the carbon atom connected to the bromine is connected to two other carbons the molecule is referred to as a secondary alkyl halide. 2-Bromobutane is Chirality (chemistry), chiral and thus can be obtained as either of two Enantiomer, enantiomers designated as (''R'')-(−)-2-bromobutane and (''S'')-(+)-2-bromobutane. 2-Bromobutane is relatively stable, but is toxic and flammable. When treated with a strong base, it is prone to undergo an E2 reaction, which is a bimolecular elimination reaction, resulting in (predominantly) 2-butene, an alkene (double bond). 2-Bromobutane is an irritant, and harmful if ingested. It can irritate and b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
N-Propyl Bromide
1-Bromopropane (''n''-propylbromide or nPB) is an organobromine compound with the chemical formula CH3CH2CH2Br. It is a colorless liquid that is used as a solvent. It has a characteristic hydrocarbon odor. Its industrial applications increased dramatically in the 21st century due to the phasing out of chlorofluorocarbons, perchloroethylene, and chloroalkanes such as 1,1,1-Trichloroethane under the Montreal Protocol. Preparation Industrial routes to 1-bromopropane involve free-radical additions to the corresponding alkenes. In this way, the anti-Markovnikov product is obtained.David Ioffe, Arieh Kampf "Bromine, Organic Compounds" in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology 2002 by John Wiley & Sons. . A laboratory synthesis involves treating propanol with a mixture of hydrobromic and sulfuric acids: :CH3CH2CH2OH + HBr → CH3CH2CH2Br + H2O Alternate synthetic routes include treating propanol with phosphorus tribromide. or via a Hunsdiecker reaction with buty ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2-Bromopropane
2-Bromopropane, also known as isopropyl bromide and 2-propyl bromide, is the halogenated hydrocarbon with the formula CH3CHBrCH3. It is a colorless liquid. It is used for introducing the isopropyl functional group in organic synthesis. 2-Bromopropane is prepared by heating isopropanol with hydrobromic acid. Preparation 2-Bromopropane is commercially available. It may be prepared in the ordinary manner of alkyl bromides, by reacting isopropanol with phosphorus and bromine, or with phosphorus tribromide. Safety Short-chain alkyl halides are often carcinogenic. The bromine atom is at the secondary position, which allows the molecule to undergo dehydrohalogenation easily to give propene, which escapes as a gas and can rupture closed reaction vessels. When this reagent is used in base catalyzed reactions, potassium carbonate should be used in place of sodium or potassium hydroxide. Further reading *Max Gergel Max G. Gergel (July 24, 1921 - July 5, 2017) was an American chemist and ar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1-Bromobutane
1-Bromobutane is the organobromine compound with the formula CH3(CH2)3Br. It is a colorless liquid, although impure samples appear yellowish. It is insoluble in water, but soluble in organic solvents. It is a primarily used as a source of the butyl group in organic synthesis. It is one of several isomers of butyl bromide. Synthesis Most 1-bromoalkanes are prepared by free-radical addition of hydrogen bromide to the 1-alkene. These conditions lead to the anti-Markovnikov addition, i.e. give the 1-bromo derivatives. 1-Bromobutane can also be prepared from butanol by treatment with hydrobromic acid: :CH3(CH2)3OH + HBr → CH3(CH2)3Br + H2O Reactions As a primary haloalkane, it is prone to SN2 type reactions. It is commonly used as an alkylating agent. When combined with magnesium metal in dry ether, it gives the corresponding Grignard reagent A Grignard reagent or Grignard compound is a chemical compound with the general formula , where X is a halogen and R is an orga ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1-Bromohexane
} 1-Bromohexane is organobromine compound with formula Br(CH2)5CH3. It is a colorless liquid. Synthesis and reactions Most 1-bromoalkanes are prepared by free-radical addition of hydrogen bromide to the 1-alkene. These conditions lead to anti-Markovnikov addition, giving the 1-bromo derivative. 1-Bromohexane undergoes reactions expected of simple alkyl bromides. It can form Grignard reagents. It reacts with potassium fluoride to give the corresponding fluorocarbons. See also * Bromoalkane Organobromine compounds, also called organobromides, are organic compounds that contain carbon bonded to bromine. The most pervasive is the naturally produced bromomethane. One prominent application of synthetic organobromine compounds is the u ...s * Bromocyclohexane References {{DEFAULTSORT:Bromohexane, 1- Bromoalkanes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2-Bromohexane
2-Bromohexane is the organobromine compound with the formula CH3CH(Br)(CH2)3CH3. It is a colorless liquid. The compound is chiral. Most 2-bromoalkanes are prepared by addition of hydrogen bromide to the 1-alkene. Markovnikov addition In organic chemistry, Markovnikov's rule or Markownikoff's rule describes the outcome of some addition reactions. The rule was formulated by Russian chemist Vladimir Markovnikov in 1870. Explanation The rule states that with the addition of a p ... proceeds in the absence of free-radicals, i.e. give the 2-bromo derivatives. References {{DEFAULTSORT:Bromohexane, 2- Bromoalkanes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bromine
Bromine is a chemical element with the symbol Br and atomic number 35. It is the third-lightest element in group 17 of the periodic table (halogens) and is a volatile red-brown liquid at room temperature that evaporates readily to form a similarly coloured vapour. Its properties are intermediate between those of chlorine and iodine. Isolated independently by two chemists, Carl Jacob Löwig (in 1825) and Antoine Jérôme Balard (in 1826), its name was derived from the Ancient Greek (bromos) meaning "stench", referring to its sharp and pungent smell. Elemental bromine is very reactive and thus does not occur as a native element in nature but it occurs in colourless soluble crystalline mineral halide salts, analogous to table salt. In fact, bromine and all the halogens are so reactive that they form bonds in pairs—never in single atoms. While it is rather rare in the Earth's crust, the high solubility of the bromide ion (Br) has caused its accumulation in the oceans. Commercial ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alkyl Halide
The haloalkanes (also known as halogenoalkanes or alkyl halides) are alkanes containing one or more halogen substituents. They are a subset of the general class of halocarbons, although the distinction is not often made. Haloalkanes are widely used commercially. They are used as flame retardants, fire extinguishants, refrigerants, propellants, solvents, and pharmaceuticals. Subsequent to the widespread use in commerce, many halocarbons have also been shown to be serious pollutants and toxins. For example, the chlorofluorocarbons have been shown to lead to ozone depletion. Methyl bromide is a controversial fumigant. Only haloalkanes that contain chlorine, bromine, and iodine are a threat to the ozone layer, but fluorinated volatile haloalkanes in theory may have activity as greenhouse gases. Methyl iodide, a naturally occurring substance, however, does not have ozone-depleting properties and the United States Environmental Protection Agency has designated the compound a n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chirality (chemistry)
In chemistry, a molecule or ion is called chiral () if it cannot be superposed on its mirror image by any combination of rotation (geometry), rotations, translation (geometry), translations, and some Conformational isomerism, conformational changes. This geometric property is called chirality (). The terms are derived from Ancient Greek χείρ (''cheir'') 'hand'; which is the canonical example of an object with this property. A chiral molecule or ion exists in two stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other, called enantiomers; they are often distinguished as either "right-handed" or "left-handed" by their absolute configuration or some other criterion. The two enantiomers have the same chemical properties, except when reacting with other chiral compounds. They also have the same physics, physical properties, except that they often have opposite optical activity, optical activities. A homogeneous mixture of the two enantiomers in equal parts is said to be racemic mixtu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Enantiomer
In chemistry, an enantiomer ( /ɪˈnænti.əmər, ɛ-, -oʊ-/ ''ih-NAN-tee-ə-mər''; from Ancient Greek ἐνάντιος ''(enántios)'' 'opposite', and μέρος ''(méros)'' 'part') – also called optical isomer, antipode, or optical antipode – is one of two stereoisomers that are non-superposable onto their own mirror image. Enantiomers are much like one's right and left hands, when looking at the same face, they cannot be superposed onto each other. No amount of reorientation will allow the four unique groups on the chiral carbon (see Chirality (chemistry)) to line up exactly. The number of stereoisomers a molecule has can be determined by the number of chiral carbons it has. Stereoisomers include both enantiomers and diastereomers. Diastereomers, like enantiomers, share the same molecular formula and are non-superposable onto each other however, they are not mirror images of each other. A molecule with chirality rotates plane-polarized light. A mixture of equals a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
E2 Reaction
An elimination reaction is a type of organic reaction in which two substituents are removed from a molecule in either a one- or two-step mechanism. The one-step mechanism is known as the E2 reaction, and the two-step mechanism is known as the E1 reaction. The numbers refer not to the number of steps in the mechanism, but rather to the kinetics of the reaction: E2 is bimolecular (second-order) while E1 is unimolecular (first-order). In cases where the molecule is able to stabilize an anion but possesses a poor leaving group, a third type of reaction, E1CB, exists. Finally, the pyrolysis of xanthate and acetate esters proceed through an "internal" elimination mechanism, the Ei mechanism. E2 mechanism The E2 mechanism, where E2 stands for bimolecular elimination, involves a one-step mechanism in which ''carbon-hydrogen'' and ''carbon-halogen'' bonds break to form a double bond (''C=C Pi bond''). The specifics of the reaction are as follows: * E2 is a single step elimination, w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2-butene
But-2-ene is an acyclic alkene with four carbon atoms. It is the simplest alkene exhibiting ''cis''/''trans''-isomerism (also known as (''E''/''Z'')-isomerism); that is, it exists as two geometric isomers ''cis''-but-2-ene ((''Z'')-but-2-ene) and ''trans-''but-2-ene ((''E'')-but-2-ene). It is a petrochemical, produced by the catalytic cracking of crude oil or the dimerization of ethylene. Its main uses are in the production of gasoline (petrol) and butadiene,. although some but-2-ene is also used to produce the solvent butanone via hydration to 2-butanol followed by oxidation. The two isomers are extremely difficult to separate by distillation because of the proximity of their boiling points (~4 °C for ''cis'' and ~1 °C for ''trans'' ) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
