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1986 Black Sea Incident
On March 13, 1986, the American cruiser and the destroyer , claiming the right of innocent passage, entered Soviet territorial waters in the Black Sea near the southern Crimean Peninsula. The warships passed within six miles of the Soviet coast, where they were soon confronted by the Soviet frigate . The commander of ''Ladny'' notified the U.S. warships that they had violated Soviet territorial waters and requested that they depart immediately. The U.S. warships confirmed receipt of the warning but did not change course. The Soviet command placed its Black Sea air and naval forces on combat readiness and dispatched border guard vessels and naval aircraft to intercept the U.S. warships. ''Yorktown'' and ''Caron'' stayed in Soviet territorial waters for roughly two hours. The situation de-escalated when the U.S. ships left; diplomatic repercussions continued for several weeks. Background "The Rules of Navigation and Sojourn of Foreign Warships in the Territorial Waters and Int ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cruiser
A cruiser is a type of warship. Modern cruisers are generally the largest ships in a fleet after aircraft carriers and amphibious assault ships, and can usually perform several roles. The term "cruiser", which has been in use for several hundred years, has changed its meaning over time. During the Age of Sail, the term ''cruising'' referred to certain kinds of missions—independent scouting, commerce protection, or raiding—fulfilled by frigates or sloops-of-war, which functioned as the ''cruising warships'' of a fleet. In the middle of the 19th century, ''cruiser'' came to be a classification of the ships intended for cruising distant waters, for commerce raiding, and for scouting for the battle fleet. Cruisers came in a wide variety of sizes, from the medium-sized protected cruiser to large armored cruisers that were nearly as big (although not as powerful or as well-armored) as a pre-dreadnought battleship. With the advent of the dreadnought battleship before World W ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vladimir Chernavin
Vladimir Nikolayevich Chernavin (russian: Владимир Николаевич Чернавин; born 22 April 1928) is a former officer of the Soviet Navy. He served as the last Commander-in-Chief of the Soviet Navy from 1985 to 1991 and the only Commander-in-Chief of the Commonwealth of Independent States Navy from 1991 to 1992. He reached the rank of Fleet Admiral during his career. Biography Chernavin was born in Mykolaiv, Ukrainian SSR, in the Soviet Union. He entered the Higher Naval School in Baku in 1944 and graduated from the Frunze Higher Naval School in Leningrad (St. Petersburg) in 1951. He was the executive officer of a submarine in 1951 and became commander of the in 1959. He attended the Naval Academy in 1962–65 and the General Staff Academy in 1967–69 after which he became divisional commander in 1969 and commanded the submarine flotillas of the Northern Fleet. In 1977 he was appointed Commander of the Northern Fleet and in 1981 was awarded a title of th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2021 Black Sea Incident
The 2021 Black Sea incident was a diplomatic incident between Russia and the United Kingdom involving the British destroyer ''HMS Defender'' while it transited from Odessa, Ukraine, to Batumi, Georgia. According to leaked classified documents — found at a bus stop one day before the incident — the incident was a calculated decision by the British government to make a show of support for Ukraine, despite the possible risks involved. Background In 2014, Russia annexed the Crimean Peninsula. The British government does not recognise the annexation of Crimea. Ukraine–United Kingdom naval agreement On 21 June 2021, the United Kingdom and Ukraine signed a naval cooperation agreement onboard , whilst in port at Odessa, Ukraine. Under the terms of the agreement, the United Kingdom will sell two refurbished Sandown-class minehunters to Ukraine and produce eight small missile warships for the country. The United Kingdom will also construct a new naval base on the Black Sea as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kerch Strait Incident
The Kerch Strait incident was an international incident that occurred on 25 November 2018 in the Kerch Strait, during which the Russian Federal Security Service (FSB) coast guard fired upon and captured three Ukrainian Navy vessels after they attempted to transit from the Black Sea into the Sea of Azov through the strait on their way to the port of Mariupol. It was the first time that Russian forces had openly engaged Ukrainian forces during the Russo-Ukrainian War. In 2014, Russia had annexed the nearby Crimean Peninsula, which is predominantly internationally recognised as Ukrainian territory. It later constructed the Crimean Bridge across the strait. Under a 2003 treaty, the strait and the Azov Sea are intended to be the shared territorial waters of both countries, and freely accessible. Russia, in turn, insists that, while the 2003 treaty remains legally valid, Ukrainian ships must ask for permission before entering Russian waters along the perimeter of Crimea as any tran ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2003 Tuzla Island Conflict
The 2003 Tuzla Island conflict was a brief armed confronation between Russia and Ukraine over Tuzla Island. Background Tuzla Island is a sandy island, located off of the coast of the Crimean Peninsula. Formerly a strait connected by land to the Kuban region of Russia, it was disconnected from it by heavy storm in 1925. In 1941, the island was transfered to the Crimean A.S.S.R. In 1954, Tuzla Island was tranferred to the Ukrainian S.S.R., alongside the rest of the then-Crimean Oblast. Tuzla Island come under the control of the briefly-independent Republic of Crimea before joining with Ukraine when the Crimean parliament joined Ukraine in 1995. The island was home to a dozen families of Ukrainian fishermen, in addition to a number of hotels. Russia recognized Ukrainian soverignty over Crimea in 1997, but the status of Tuzla Island was not settled and remained a sorespot in Russia-Ukraine relations. The governor of Krasnodar Krai at the time, Alexksandr Tkachyov, stated "...I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Philadelphia Media Network
The Philadelphia Inquirer, LLC (formerly Philadelphia Media Network (PMN)) is an American media company. It owns ''The Philadelphia Inquirer'' and '' Philadelphia Daily News''. The company is owned by The Philadelphia Foundation, a nonprofit organization in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. History Philadelphia Media Network, then including the newspapers' joint web portal Philly.com, was formed and initially owned by the creditors of Philadelphia Media Holdings (PMH), acquired out of Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. The company sold its inherited community newspaper division in December 2010. A group of local investors—under the corporate name of Interstate General Media Interstate General Media, LLC, is a Philadelphia, Pennsylvania–based company founded in 2012 that operates newspapers and online news sources that it owns. In 2012, the company purchased The Philadelphia Inquirer, LLC, the company that owns an ... LLC—bought the company for $55 million in April 2012. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1988 Black Sea Bumping Incident
The Black Sea bumping incident of 12 February 1988 occurred when American cruiser tried to exercise the right of innocent passage through Soviet territorial waters in the Black Sea during the Cold War. The cruiser was bumped by the Soviet frigate '' Bezzavetny'' with the intention of pushing ''Yorktown'' into international waters. This incident also involved the destroyer , sailing in company with USS ''Yorktown'' and claiming the right of innocent passage, which was intentionally shouldered by a Soviet ''SKR-6''. ''Yorktown'' reported minor damage to its hull, with no holing or risk of flooding. ''Caron'' was undamaged. At the time, the Soviet Union recognized the right of innocent passage for warships in its territorial waters solely in designated sea lanes. The United States believed that there was no legal basis for a coastal nation to limit warship transits to sea lanes only. Subsequently, the U.S. Department of State found that the Russian-language text of the United Nat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Internal Waters
According to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, a nation's internal waters include waters on the side of the baseline of a nation's territorial waters that is facing toward the land, except in archipelagic states. It includes waterways such as rivers and canals, and sometimes the water within small bays. In inland waters, sovereignty of the state is equal to that which it exercises on the mainland. The coastal state is free to make laws relating to its internal waters, regulate any use, and use any resource. In the absence of agreements to the contrary, foreign vessels have no right of passage within internal waters, and this lack of right to innocent passage is the key difference between internal waters and territorial waters.UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, Part II, Article 2 The "archipelagic waters" within the outermost islands of archipelagic states are treated as internal waters with the exception that innocent passage must be allowed, although the arch ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Customary International Law
Customary international law is an aspect of international law involving the principle of custom. Along with general principles of law and treaties, custom is considered by the International Court of Justice, jurists, the United Nations, and its member states to be among the primary sources of international law. Many governments accept in principle the existence of customary international law, although there are differing opinions as to what rules are contained in it. In 1950, the International Law Commission listed the following sources as forms of evidence of customary international law: treaties, decisions of national and international courts, national legislation, opinions of national legal advisors, diplomatic correspondence, and practice of international organizations. In 2018, the Commission adopted Conclusions on Identification of Customary International Law with commentaries. The United Nations General Assembly welcomed the Conclusions and encouraged their widest possibl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Law
International law (also known as public international law and the law of nations) is the set of rules, norms, and standards generally recognized as binding between states. It establishes normative guidelines and a common conceptual framework for states across a broad range of domains, including war, diplomacy, economic relations, and human rights. Scholars distinguish between international legal institutions on the basis of their obligations (the extent to which states are bound to the rules), precision (the extent to which the rules are unambiguous), and delegation (the extent to which third parties have authority to interpret, apply and make rules). The sources of international law include international custom (general state practice accepted as law), treaties, and general principles of law recognized by most national legal systems. Although international law may also be reflected in international comity—the practices adopted by states to maintain good relations and mutua ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Note Verbale
Diplomatic correspondence is correspondence between one state and another and is usually of a formal character. It follows several widely observed customs and style in composition, substance, presentation, and delivery and can generally be categorized into letters and notes. Letters Letters are correspondence between heads of state, typically used for the appointment and recall of ambassadors; for the announcement of the death of a sovereign or an accession to the throne; or for expressions of congratulations or condolence. Letters between two monarchs of equal rank will typically begin with the salutation "Sir My Brother" (or "Madame My Sister", in the case of a female monarch) and close with the valediction "Your Good Brother" (or Sister, in the case of a female monarch). In the case where one monarch is of inferior rank to the other (for instance, if the Grand Duke of Luxembourg were to correspond with the King of the United Kingdom), the inferior monarch will use the salutat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Charge D'affaires
Charge or charged may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Films * ''Charge, Zero Emissions/Maximum Speed'', a 2011 documentary Music * ''Charge'' (David Ford album) * ''Charge'' (Machel Montano album) * ''Charge!!'', an album by The Aquabats * ''Charged'' (Nebula album) * ''Charged'' (Toshinori Kondo, Eraldo Bernocchi and Bill Laswell album) Television * ''Charge'' (TV series) * Charge! (TV network) * "Charged" (''Reaper''), episode 2 of season one of ''Reaper'' Companies * Charge Automotive Limited, an electric-vehicle manufacturer * Charged Productions, an animation studio * Charged Records, a record label Finance * Equitable charge, confers a right on the secured party to look to a particular asset in the event of the debtor's default * Floating charge, a security interest over the assets of a company Law * Criminal charge, a formal accusation made before a court by a prosecuting authority * Legal charge, information or indictment through a formal legal proces ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
