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1966–70 French Nuclear Tests
The France's 1966–1970 nuclear test series was a group of 22 nuclear test Nuclear weapons tests are experiments carried out to determine nuclear weapons' effectiveness, Nuclear weapon yield, yield, and explosive capability. Testing nuclear weapons offers practical information about how the weapons function, how detona ...s conducted in 1966–1970. These tests followed the '' In Ekker series, French nuclear tests'' series and preceded the '' 1971–1974 French nuclear tests'' series. References {{DEFAULTSORT:1966-70 French nuclear tests 1966 in France 1967 in France 1968 in France 1969 in France 1970 in France French nuclear weapons testing ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
In Ekker Series, French Nuclear Tests
In Ekker was a series of 13 underground nuclear tests and five atmospheric nuclear tests by France between November 1961 and February 1966. The bombs were detonated at the Oasis Military Experiments Centre near In Ekker, French Algeria at the Tan Afella in the Hoggar Mountains, by the Nuclear Experiments Operational Group (GOEN), a unit of the Joint Special Weapons Command. The series saw the explosion of the first AN-11/21 bombs and was followed by the 1966–1970 series. Codenames The 13 underground operations were named after jewel stones, while the 5 AN-11/21 bombs tests were designated as ''Pollen I'', ''Pollen Rose'', ''Pollen Rouge'', ''Pollen Safran'' and ''Pollen Jonquille''. List of tests See also * List of nuclear weapons tests of France * Nuclear weapons and France * ''Force de Frappe'' * History of nuclear weapons Notes References {{Nuclear weapons tests of France In Ekker IN, In or in may refer to: Places * India (country code IN) * In ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
AN-11 Bomb
The AN-11 was France's first nuclear weapon, developed to arm the Force de frappe. The AN-11's development began in the late 1950s. An early version was used in France's first nuclear test, Gerboise Bleue, on 13 February 1960. The first AN-11 prototype was tested 1 May 1962, and it entered service in 1964. The AN-11 was a pure fission weapon, a plutonium implosion type. It weighed approximately 1,500 kg (3,306 lb). It was a free-fall bomb intended to be dropped from high-altitude bombers. The explosive nuclear weapon yield was about 60 kt. About 40 AN-11s were produced between 1963 and 1968. The carrier was the Dassault Mirage IV, although some reports said the Sud Aviation Vautour The Sud-Ouest Aviation (SNCASO) S.O. 4050 Vautour II (French for ''vulture'') was a French jet-powered bomber, interceptor, and attack aircraft developed and manufactured by aircraft company Sud Aviation. The Vautour was operated by France's '' ... could also carry this bomb. Beginn ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1969 In France
Events from the year 1969 in France. Incumbents * President: ** until 28 April: Charles de Gaulle ** 28 April–20 June: Alain Poher ** starting 20 June: Georges Pompidou * Prime Minister: Maurice Couve de Murville (until 20 June), Jacques Chaban-Delmas (starting 20 June) Events *2 March – In Toulouse the first Concorde test flight is conducted. *27 April – Constitutional Referendum held and proposals were rejected. *28 April – President Charles de Gaulle resigns as a result of the referendum. *1 June – Presidential Election held. *15 June – Presidential Election held and Georges Pompidou is elected. *4 August – At the apartment of French intermediary, Jean Sainteny, in Paris, U.S. representative Henry Kissinger and North Vietnamese representative Xuan Thuy begin secret peace negotiations. They eventually fail since both sides cannot agree to any terms. *7 October – Launch of the Renault 12 at the Paris Motor Show. The R12 will be sold as a four-door saloon a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1968 In France
Events from the year 1968 in France were categorized by protests and general unrest across the country as part of the many protests of 1968 that occurred across the globe in that year. Incumbents * President: Charles de Gaulle * Prime Minister: Georges Pompidou (until 10 July), Maurice Couve de Murville (starting 10 July) Events *27 January – French submarine sinks in the Mediterranean with 52 men on board. *22 March – Daniel Cohn-Bendit and seven other students occupy Administrative offices of the University of Nanterre, setting in motion a chain of events that will lead France to the brink of revolution in May. *23 April – surgeons at the Hôpital de la Pitié, Paris, perform Europe's first heart transplant operation. *May – student strike in May and June developed into widespread and unprecedented protests over poor working conditions and a rigid educational system, which threatened to bring down the government. *30 May – Georges Pompidou is returned as Prime ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1967 In France
Events from the year 1967 in France. Incumbents * President: Charles de Gaulle * Prime Minister: Georges Pompidou Events *5 March – Legislative Election held. *12 March – Legislative Election held. *19 March – A referendum in French Somaliland favors the connection to France. *6 April – Georges Pompidou begins to form the next French government. *28 April – Elf Aquitaine petroleum brand launched. *24 July – During an official state visit to Canada, President Charles de Gaulle declares to a crowd of over 100,000 in Montreal: '' Vive le Québec libre!'' (Long live free Quebec!). *29 July – Georges Bidault moves to Belgium where he receives political asylum. *24 September – Cantonales Elections held. *1 October – Cantonales Elections held. *17 November – Author Régis Debray is sentenced to 30 years imprisonment in Bolivia. *27 November – Charles De Gaulle vetoes British entry into the European Economic Community again. *11 December – The Concorde ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1966 In France
Events from the year 1966 in France. Incumbents * President: Charles de Gaulle * Prime Minister: Georges Pompidou Events *4 January – A gas leak fire at the Feyzin oil refinery near Lyon, kills 18 and injures 84. *10 January – ''L'Express'' publishes a story of Georges Figon, who took part in the kidnapping of Mehdi Ben Barka. *18 January – Police announce that Georges Figon committed suicide, prior to his arrest for the kidnapping of Mehdi Ben Barka. *7 March – Charles de Gaulle asks U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson for negotiations about the state of NATO equipment in France. *11 March – President Charles de Gaulle states that French troops will be taken out of NATO and that all French NATO bases and HQ's must be closed within a year. *17 June – An Air France personnel strike begins. *20 June – President Charles de Gaulle starts visit to the Soviet Union. *30 June – France formally leaves NATO. *26 August – Riots occur in French Somaliland. *30 August – Fr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Michel Debré
Michel Jean-Pierre Debré (; 15 January 1912 – 2 August 1996) was the first Prime Minister of the French Fifth Republic. He is considered the "father" of the current Constitution of France. He served under President Charles de Gaulle from 1959 to 1962. In terms of political personality, Debré was intense and immovable and had a tendency to rhetorical extremism. Early life Debré was born in Paris, the son of Jeanne-Marguerite (Debat-Ponsan) and Robert Debré, a well-known professor of medicine, who is today considered by many to be the founder of modern pediatrics. His maternal grandfather was academic painter Édouard Debat-Ponsan. Debré's father was Jewish, and his grandfather was a rabbi. Debré himself was Roman Catholic. He studied at the Lycée Montaigne and then at the Lycée Louis-le-Grand, obtained a diploma from the École Libre des Sciences Politiques, and a PhD in Law from the University of Paris. He then became a Professor of Law at the University of Paris. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
TN 60
The TN 60 was a French nuclear missile warhead. The 1 megaton TN 60 missile warhead entered service in early 1977 as an interim warhead for the MSBS M20 SLBM. The TN 60 was the first French warhead "hardened" to penetrate the Russian ABM defenses around Moscow. The TN 60 was replaced with the TN 61 The TN 61 was a French nuclear warhead. It was a lighter weight version of the TN 60 warhead and quickly replaced it in service on the M20 SLBM A submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) is a ballistic missile capable of being launched fr ... starting in late 1977. References *Norris, Robert, Burrows, Andrew, Fieldhouse, Richard "Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume V, British, French and Chinese Nuclear Weapons, San Francisco, Westview Press, 1994, Nuclear bombs of France Military equipment introduced in the 1970s {{Nuclear-weapon-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Canopus (nuclear Test)
''Canopus'' (or ''Opération Canopus'') was the codename of the first French two-stage thermonuclear test. It was conducted by the Pacific Carrier Battle Group (nicknamed ''Alfa Force'') on 24 August 1968, at the Pacific Experiments Centre near Fangataufa atoll, French Polynesia. The test made France the fifth country to test a thermonuclear device after the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and China. History In 1966, France was able to use fusion fuel to boost plutonium implosion devices with the Rigel shot. Robert Dautray, (real name : Ignatz Koushelewitz) a nuclear physicist, was selected by the CEA to lead the development effort to construct a two-stage weapon. France did not have the ability to produce the materials needed for a two-stage thermonuclear device at the time, so 151 tons of heavy water was purchased from Norway and an additional 168 tons from the United States. This heavy water went into nuclear reactors in 1967 to produce tritium needed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MR 41
The MR 41 is a French-built thermonuclear warhead to be launched with the M1 and M2 missiles in ''Redoutable'' class ballistic missile submarines. It had a yield of 500 kilotons TNT equivalent is a convention for expressing energy, typically used to describe the energy released in an explosion. The is a unit of energy defined by that convention to be , which is the approximate energy released in the detonation of a ... and was boosted fission warhead based on highly enriched uranium combined with deuterium and tritium. Entering service in 1972 it was withdrawn from service by the end of 1979, being replaced by TN 60 warheads. See also * force de frappe * FOST * nuclear tests by France Nuclear warheads of France Military equipment introduced in the 1970s {{Nuclear-weapon-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MR 31
The MR 31 was a French nuclear warhead for the S2 medium-range ballistic missile. The weapon had a yield of and weighed . It was apparently a pure plutonium device and unboosted, and the largest pure plutonium weapon ever built. Entering service in August 1970 it was withdrawn from service by June 1980. See also * force de frappe The ''Force de frappe'' (French language, French: "strike force"), or ''Force de dissuasion'' ("deterrent force") after 1961,Gunston, Bill. Bombers of the West. New York: Charles Scribner's and Sons; 1973. p104 is the designation of what used to ... * FOST * nuclear tests by France References Nuclear warheads of France Military equipment introduced in the 1970s {{France-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
AN-22 Bomb
An alpha privative or, rarely, privative a (from Latin ', from Ancient Greek ) is the prefix ''a-'' or ''an-'' (before vowels) that is used in Indo-European languages such as Sanskrit and Greek and in words borrowed therefrom to express negation or absence, for example the English words of greek origin ''atypical'', ''anesthetic'', and '' analgesic''. It is derived from a Proto-Indo-European syllabic nasal *', the zero ablaut grade of the negation *', i.e. /n/ used as a vowel. For this reason, it usually appears as ' before vowels (e.g. '' an-alphabetism'', '' an-esthesia'', '' an-archy''). It shares the same root with the Greek prefix ' or ', in Greek or , that is also privative (e.g. '). It is not to be confused with, among other things, an alpha copulative (e.g. ') or the prepositional component ' (i.e. the preposition ' with ecthlipsis or elision of its final vowel before a following vowel; e.g. '). Cognates Sanskrit The same prefix appears in Sanskrit, also as अ- befo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
