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1883 Chilean–Spanish Treaty
The Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the Republic of Chile and Spain ( es, Tratado de Paz y Amistad entre la República de Chile y España) was a peace treaty signed between Chile and Spain in the Peruvian city of Lima, then occupied by Chile. The treaty put an end to the state of war that existed between both states since the Chincha Islands War. Background In 1867 Spain and Chile had reached a preliminary agreement to receive the warships embargoed by the British neutrality laws, which caused the diplomatic incident between Peru and Chile in 1868. In 1871, an armistice was signed in Washington, D.C. between Spain and allies Peru and Chile. Later, at the beginning of the War of the Pacific, Spain signed the two treaties in Paris with Peru (August 14, 1879) and Bolivia (August 21, 1879), which ended the state of war. In 1881, the Chilean government allowed the arrival of Spanish merchant ships to its ports in recognition of the protection provided by Spanish merchants to t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peace Treaty
A peace treaty is an agreement between two or more hostile parties, usually countries or governments, which formally ends a state of war between the parties. It is different from an armistice An armistice is a formal agreement of warring parties to stop fighting. It is not necessarily the end of a war, as it may constitute only a cessation of hostilities while an attempt is made to negotiate a lasting peace. It is derived from the ..., which is an agreement to stop hostilities; a Surrender (military), surrender, in which an army agrees to give up arms; or a ceasefire, ceasefire or truce, in which the parties may agree to temporarily or permanently stop fighting. The art of negotiating a peace treaty in the modern era has been referred to by legal scholar Christine Bell as the , with a peace treaty potentially contributing to the legal framework governing the post conflict period, or . Elements of treaties The content of a treaty usually depends on the nature of the con ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battle Of Iquique
The Battle of Iquique was a naval engagement that occurred between a Chilean corvette under the command of Arturo Prat Chacón and a Peruvian ironclad under Miguel Grau Seminario on 21 May 1879, during the naval stage of the War of the Pacific, that pitted Chile against Peru and Bolivia. The battle took place off the then-Peruvian port of Iquique. The ironclad sank the Chilean wooden corvette , after four hours of combat, resulting in a Peruvian victory. Background The Bolivian government had threatened to confiscate and to sell the Antofagasta Nitrate & Railway Company, a mining enterprise with Chilean and British investors, by a decree on 1 February 1879. In response, the Chilean government sent a small military force which disembarked and seized control of the port of Antofagasta on 14 February. This event made Bolivian President Hilarión Daza declare war on Chile, and also forced Peru to honor a secret 1873 treaty with Bolivia. Although Peru tried to negotiate and to s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Treaties Of Spain Under The Restoration
A treaty is a formal, legally binding written agreement between actors in international law. It is usually made by and between sovereign states, but can include international organizations, individuals, business entities, and other legal persons. A treaty may also be known as an international agreement, protocol, covenant, convention, pact, or exchange of letters, among other terms. However, only documents that are legally binding on the parties are considered treaties under international law. Treaties vary on the basis of obligations (the extent to which states are bound to the rules), precision (the extent to which the rules are unambiguous), and delegation (the extent to which third parties have authority to interpret, apply and make rules). Treaties are among the earliest manifestations of international relations, with the first known example being a border agreement between the Sumerian city-states of Lagash and Umma around 3100 BC. International agreements were used in so ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bilateral Treaties Of Chile
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Bilateral may refer to any concept including two sides, in particular: * Bilateria, bilateral animals *Bilateralism, the political and cultural relations between two states *Bilateral, occurring on both sides of an organism ( Anatomical terms of location § Medial and lateral) * Bilateral symmetry, symmetry between two sides of an organism *Bilateral filter, an image processing algorithm * Bilateral amplifier, a type of amplifier * ''Bilateral'' (album), an album by the band ''Leprous'' *Bilateral school, see Partially selective school (England) In England, a partially selective school is one of a few dozen state-funded secondary schools that select a proportion of their intake by ability or aptitude, permitted as a continuation of arrangements that existed prior to 1997. Though treated ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bolivia–Spain Relations
Bolivia–Spain relations refers to the current and historical relations between Bolivia and Spain. Both nations are members of the Association of Spanish Language Academies, Organization of Ibero-American States and the United Nations. History Spanish colonization Bolivia and Spain share a long history since the arrival of the first Spanish conquistadores led by Francisco Pizarro in 1532. By 1534, Pizarro managed to overcome the Incan Empire (which was in present-day Bolivia, Peru, Chile and Ecuador) and claimed the territory for Spain. In 1542, the Viceroyalty of Peru was created and the territory of Bolivia (known at the time as Upper Peru) was governed from its capital in Lima but administered locally by the Real Audiencia of Charcas in present-day Sucre. In 1545, Spain founded the city of Potosí, next to Cerro Rico which provided vast quantities of silver for the Spanish Empire and was worked by the local Indigenous people. In 1776, Upper Peru was governed by the newl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peru–Spain Relations
Peru–Spain relations are foreign relations between Peru and Spain. Both nations are members of the Association of Academies of the Spanish Language, Organization of Ibero-American States and the United Nations. History Spanish conquest Peru and Spain share a long history since the arrival of the first Spanish conquistadores led by Francisco Pizarro in 1532. In 1534, Pizarro succeeded in overcoming the Inca Empire (which stretched from present-day Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina) and claimed the territory for Spain. In 1535, Spain founded the city of Lima, which would become the seat of power and the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru from 1542, and at its maximum expansion incorporated most of the nations of South America. In the early 1780s, local indigenous people from the highlands took part in widespread uprisings, most notably the revolt of Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II. They hoped to restore the Inca Empire, however, the revolts were defeated by Spanish tr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chile–Spain Relations
Chile–Spain relations are the current and historical relations between Chile and Spain. Both nations are members of the Association of Spanish Language Academies, Organization of Ibero-American States, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the United Nations. History Spanish conquest In 1536, Spanish explorer Diego de Almagro arrived to present day Chile hoping to find another territory as rich as Peru, however, discovering no mineral resources in the territory, he soon returned to Peru. In 1540, Spanish conquistador Pedro de Valdivia entered Chile and founded the city of Santiago. In 1553, during the Battle of Tucapel, Pedro de Valdivia was killed by Mapuche warriors. In 1542, Chile became part of the Spanish Empire and was governed by the Viceroyalty of Peru based in Lima. In 1776 the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata based in Buenos Aires was created and Chile was immediately administered by the new Viceroyalty. Due to the lack of mineral wealth in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Treaty Of Defensive Alliance (Bolivia–Peru)
The Treaty of Defensive Alliance was a secret defense pact between Bolivia and Peru. Signed in the Peruvian capital, Lima, on February 6, 1873, the document was composed of eleven central articles that outlined its necessity and stipulations and one additional article that ordered the treaty to be kept secret until both contracting parties decided otherwise. The signatory states were represented by the Peruvian Foreign Minister José de la Riva-Agüero y Looz Corswaren and the Bolivian Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary in Peru, Juan de la Cruz Benavente. Ongoing border disputes between Bolivia and Chile worsened South America's tense political environment, which was made all the more precarious by a global economic depression. The system of mutual defense established between Bolivia and Peru sought to protect their national security and the regional balance of power by containing Chilean expansionism, which was fueled by Chile's economic ambitions over the mi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Domingo Santa María
Domingo Santa María González (; August 4, 1825 – July 18, 1889) was a Chilean political figure. He served as the president of Chile between 1881 and 1886. Early life He was born in Santiago de Chile, the son of Luis José Santa María González and Ana Josefa González Morandé. He completed his early studies in the ''Instituto Nacional'', and graduated as a lawyer from the ''Universidad de Chile'' in 1847. Soon after, he became a clerk at the Justice Ministry, where he rose to become Official Mayor. At the same time, he became the secretary of the Sociedad del Orden (Society for Public Order), a liberal club opposed to the conservative party. Political career At the age of 23, he became Intendant of Colchagua. His active intervention in rigging elections in favor of the conservatives made him into the principal target of the opposition. Two years later, he was asked to resign by his superiors. His refusal sparked his destitution by Manuel Montt. At that point, he ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
President Of The United States
The president of the United States (POTUS) is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America. The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The power of the presidency has grown substantially since the first president, George Washington, took office in 1789. While presidential power has ebbed and flowed over time, the presidency has played an increasingly strong role in American political life since the beginning of the 20th century, with a notable expansion during the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt. In contemporary times, the president is also looked upon as one of the world's most powerful political figures as the leader of the only remaining global superpower. As the leader of the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP, the president possesses significant domestic and international hard and soft power. Article II of the Constitution establis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
War Of The Pacific
The War of the Pacific ( es, link=no, Guerra del Pacífico), also known as the Saltpeter War ( es, link=no, Guerra del salitre) and by multiple other names, was a war between Chile and a Bolivian–Peruvian alliance from 1879 to 1884. Fought over Chilean claims on coastal Bolivian territory in the Atacama Desert, the war ended with a Chilean victory, which gained for the country a significant amount of resource-rich territory from Peru and Bolivia. The war began over a nitrate taxation dispute between Bolivia and Chile, with Peru being drawn in due to its secret alliance with Bolivia. But historians have pointed to deeper origins of the war, such as the interest of Chile and Peru in the nitrate business, the long-standing rivalry between Chile and Peru, as well as political and economical disparities between Chile, Peru and Bolivia. On February 14, 1879, Chile's armed forces occupied the Bolivian port city of Antofagasta, subsequently war between Bolivia and Chile was decl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Occupation Of Lima
, common_languages = Spanish , religion = , stat_year1 = , stat_area1 = , stat_pop1 = , title_leader = President , leader1 = Aníbal Pinto , year_leader1 = 1876–1881 , leader2 = Domingo Santa María , year_leader2 = 1881–1886 , title_representative = Commander in Chief of the Occupation Forces , representative1 = Cornelio Saavedra , year_representative1 = 1881 , representative2 = Pedro Lagos , year_representative2 = 1881 , representative3 = Patricio Lynch , year_representative3 = 1881–1883 , era = War of the Pacific , currency = , today = The occupation of Lima by the Chilean Army in 1881-1883 was an event in the land campaign phase of the War of the Pacific (1879-1883). Lima was defended by the remnants of the Peruvian army and crowds of civilians in the lines of San Juan a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
