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1744 In Science
The year 1744 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy * Great Comet of 1744, first sighted in 1743, remains visible until April (perihelion about March 1). Cartography * César-François Cassini de Thury publishes a new triangulated map of France. Earth sciences * Susanna Drury's illustrations of the Giant's Causeway in northern Ireland are engraved by François Vivares in London (1743–4), bringing the rock formation to wide European notice. Mathematics * Leonhard Euler discovers the catenoid and proves it to be a minimal surface. Medicine * By July – Northampton General Hospital established as Northampton Infirmary in England. Awards * Copley Medal: Henry Baker Births * March 7 - Jean-Baptiste Dumangin, French physician (died 1826) * June 22 – Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben, German naturalist (died 1777) * August 1 – Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, French naturalist (died 1829) * August 16 – Pierre Méchain, French astronomer (died 180 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Science
Science is a systematic endeavor that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. Science may be as old as the human species, and some of the earliest archeological evidence for scientific reasoning is tens of thousands of years old. The earliest written records in the history of science come from Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia in around 3000 to 1200 BCE. Their contributions to mathematics, astronomy, and medicine entered and shaped Greek natural philosophy of classical antiquity, whereby formal attempts were made to provide explanations of events in the physical world based on natural causes. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, knowledge of Greek conceptions of the world deteriorated in Western Europe during the early centuries (400 to 1000 CE) of the Middle Ages, but was preserved in the Muslim world during the Islamic Golden Age and later by the efforts of Byzantine Greek scholars who brought Greek ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Copley Medal
The Copley Medal is an award given by the Royal Society, for "outstanding achievements in research in any branch of science". It alternates between the physical sciences or mathematics and the biological sciences. Given every year, the medal is the oldest Royal Society medal awarded and the oldest surviving scientific award in the world, having first been given in 1731 to Stephen Gray (scientist), Stephen Gray, for "his new Electrical Experiments: – as an encouragement to him for the readiness he has always shown in obliging the Society with his discoveries and improvements in this part of Natural Knowledge". __TOC__ History The medal was created following a donation of Pound sterling, £100 to be used for carrying out experiments by Sir Godfrey Copley, 2nd Baronet, Sir Godfrey Copley, for which the interest on the amount was used for several years. The conditions for the medal have been changed several times; in 1736, it was suggested that "a medal or other honorary prize s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1804 In Science
The year 1804 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Astronomy and space science * April 5 – High Possil meteorite, the first recorded meteorite to fall in Scotland in modern times, falls at Possil. * September 1 – Karl Ludwig Harding discovers the asteroid Juno. Botany * March 7 – John Wedgwood founds the Horticultural Society of London. * Jacques-Julien Labillardière begins publication of '' Novæ Hollandiæ Plantarum Specimen'' in Paris, the first flora of Australia. * Publication in Paris of Nicolas-Théodore de Saussure's collected papers ''Recherches chimiques sur la végétation'', outlining the basic reaction of photosynthesis. * Publication in London of Maria Elizabetha Jacson's ''Botanical Lectures by a Lady''. Chemistry * William Hyde Wollaston discovers how to make malleable platinum. * German pharmacist Friedrich Sertürner first isolates morphine from opium, probably the first ever isolation of a natural plant alk ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Astronomer
An astronomer is a scientist in the field of astronomy who focuses their studies on a specific question or field outside the scope of Earth. They observe astronomical objects such as stars, planets, natural satellite, moons, comets and galaxy, galaxies – in either observational astronomy, observational (by analyzing the data) or theoretical astronomy. Examples of topics or fields astronomers study include planetary science, Sun, solar astronomy, the Star formation, origin or stellar evolution, evolution of stars, or the galaxy formation and evolution, formation of galaxies. A related but distinct subject is physical cosmology, which studies the Universe as a whole. Types Astronomers usually fall under either of two main types: observational astronomy, observational and theoretical astronomy, theoretical. Observational astronomers make direct observations of Astronomical object, celestial objects and analyze the data. In contrast, theoretical astronomers create and investigate C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pierre Méchain
Pierre François André Méchain (; 16 August 1744 – 20 September 1804) was a French astronomer and surveyor who, with Charles Messier, was a major contributor to the early study of deep-sky objects and comets. Life Pierre Méchain was born in Laon, the son of the ceiling designer and plasterer Pierre François Méchain and Marie–Marguerite Roze. He displayed mental gifts in mathematics and physics but had to give up his studies for lack of money. However, his talents in astronomy were noticed by Jérôme Lalande, for whom he became a friend and proof-reader of the second edition of his book "L'Astronomie". Lalande then secured a position for him as assistant hydrographer with the Naval Depot of Maps and Charts at Versailles, where he worked through the 1770s engaged in hydrographic work and coastline surveying. It was during this time—approximately 1774—that he met Charles Messier, and apparently, they became friends. In the same year, he also produced his first astron ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1829 In Science
The year 1829 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Chemistry * Isaac Holden produces a form of friction match. Mathematics * Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet publishes a memoir giving the Dirichlet conditions, showing for which functions the convergence of the Fourier series holds; introducing Dirichlet's test for the convergence of series; the Dirichlet function as an example that not any function is integrable; and, in the proof of the theorem for the Fourier series, the Dirichlet kernel and Dirichlet integral. He also introduces a general modern concept for a function. * Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky publishes his work on hyperbolic non-Euclidean geometry. * S. D. Poisson publishes ''Sur l'attraction des sphéroides''. Medicine * Dr Benjamin Guy Babington makes the first known use of a laryngoscope. Palaeontology * Jules Desnoyers names the Quaternary period. * Engis 2, part of the skull of a young child and other bones, recognised in 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French People
The French people (french: Français) are an ethnic group and nation primarily located in Western Europe that share a common French culture, history, and language, identified with the country of France. The French people, especially the native speakers of langues d'oïl from northern and central France, are primarily the descendants of Gauls (including the Belgae) and Romans (or Gallo-Romans, western European Celtic and Italic peoples), as well as Germanic peoples such as the Franks, the Visigoths, the Suebi and the Burgundians who settled in Gaul from east of the Rhine after the fall of the Roman Empire, as well as various later waves of lower-level irregular migration that have continued to the present day. The Norse also settled in Normandy in the 10th century and contributed significantly to the ancestry of the Normans. Furthermore, regional ethnic minorities also exist within France that have distinct lineages, languages and cultures such as Bretons in Brittany, Occi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, chevalier de Lamarck (1 August 1744 – 18 December 1829), often known simply as Lamarck (; ), was a French naturalist, biologist, academic, and soldier. He was an early proponent of the idea that biological evolution occurred and proceeded in accordance with Naturalism (philosophy), natural laws. Lamarck fought in the Seven Years' War against Prussia, and was awarded a commission for bravery on the battlefield. Posted to Monaco, Lamarck became interested in natural history and resolved to study medicine.#Packard, Packard (1901), p. 15. He retired from the army after being injured in 1766, and returned to his medical studies. Lamarck developed a particular interest in botany, and later, after he published the three-volume work ''Flore françoise'' (1778), he gained membership of the French Academy of Sciences in 1779. Lamarck became involved in the Jardin des Plantes and was appointed to the Chair of Botany in 1788. When the French Nationa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1777 In Science
The year 1777 in science and technology involved some significant events. Exploration * March – Third voyage of James Cook: English explorer Captain Cook discovers Mangaia and Atiu in the Cook Islands. Mathematics * Leonhard Euler introduces the symbol ''i'' to represent the square root of −1. Technology * ''probable date'' – Thomas Arnold of London produces the first watch ("Arnold 36") to be called a ''chronometer''. Awards * Copley Medal: John Mudge Births * February 12 – Bernard Courtois, French chemist (died 1838) * April 30 – Carl Friedrich Gauss, German mathematician (died 1855) * May 4 – Louis Jacques Thénard, French chemist (died 1857) * May 18 – John George Children, English chemist, mineralogist and entomologist (died 1852) * August 14 – Hans Christian Ørsted, Danish physicist (died 1851) Deaths * September 22 – John Bartram, naturalist and explorer considered the "father of American botany" (born 1699) * September 25 – Johann Heinrich L ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
German People
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Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben
Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben was a German natural history, naturalist from Quedlinburg. Erxleben was professor of physics and veterinary medicine at the University of Göttingen. He wrote ''Anfangsgründe der Naturlehre'' (1772) and ''Systema regni animalis'' (1777). He was founder of the first and oldest academic veterinary school in Germany, the Institute of Veterinary Medicine, in 1771. He was the son of Dorothea Christiane Erxleben, the first woman in Germany to earn a medical degree. Works * 1767 ''Einige Anmerkungen über das Insektensystem des Hr. Geoffroy und die Schäfferschen Verbesserungen desselben''. Hannoverisches Magazin, Hannover (Stück 20). 305–316. * 1772 ''Anfangsgründe der Naturlehre''. Göttingen und Gotha, Dieterich 648 p., 8 Taf. * 1775 ''Anfangsgründe der Chemie'' . Göttingen, Dieterich, 472pDigital editionby the University and State Library Düsseldorf * 1769–1778 Peter Simon Pallas, Pallas, P. S., Ernst Gottfried Baldinger, Baldinger, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
