|
1743 In Science
The year 1743 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy * November 29 – Discovery of C/1743 X1, the 'Great Comet of 1744' ''(sic.)'', by Jan de Munck at Middelburg and subsequently by de Chéseaux and Klinkenberg. Geology * Sir Christopher Packe produces a geological map of south-east England. Metrology * May 19 – French physicist Jean-Pierre Christin of Lyon publishes the design of a mercury thermometer with a centigrade scale running from 0 representing the freezing point of water and 100 its boiling point. Physiology and medicine * June 2 – British surgeon William Hunter presents his paper "Of the structure and diseases of articulating cartilages". Awards * Copley Medal: Abraham Trembley Births * February 13 – Joseph Banks, English botanist (died 1820) * February 28 – René Just Haüy, French mineralogist (died 1822) * April 13 (April 2 O.S.) – Thomas Jefferson, Founding Father and 3rd President of the United States and invent ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Science
Science is a systematic endeavor that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. Science may be as old as the human species, and some of the earliest archeological evidence for scientific reasoning is tens of thousands of years old. The earliest written records in the history of science come from Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia in around 3000 to 1200 BCE. Their contributions to mathematics, astronomy, and medicine entered and shaped Greek natural philosophy of classical antiquity, whereby formal attempts were made to provide explanations of events in the physical world based on natural causes. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, knowledge of Greek conceptions of the world deteriorated in Western Europe during the early centuries (400 to 1000 CE) of the Middle Ages, but was preserved in the Muslim world during the Islamic Golden Age and later by the efforts of Byzantine Greek scholars who brought Greek ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abraham Trembley
Abraham Trembley (3 September 1710 – 12 May 1784 Geneva) was a Genevan naturalist. He is best known for being the first to study freshwater polyps or '' hydra'' and for being among the first to develop experimental zoology. His mastery of experimental method has led some historians of science to credit him as the "father of biology". He also wrote on religion and morals. Biography Trembley came from an officer's family from Geneva, Republic of Geneva. He was uncle to Charles Bonnet, with whom he corresponded regularly, as well as to René-Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur (1683–1757) and Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729–1799). Trembley acted as tutor to the two children of Count Willem Bentinck van Rhoon (1704–1774), a prominent Dutch politician at the time. The boys were 3 and 6 when Trembley, during lessons in which he went fishing in the ponds outside the house, accidentally discovered the regenerative powers of the Hydra. Those lessons took place at the Count's summer residenc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1826 In Science
The year 1826 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Astronomy * Mary Somerville presents a paper on "The Magnetic Properties of the Violet Rays of the Solar Spectrum" to the Royal Society in London. Chemistry * Antoine Jerome Balard isolates bromine. * Pierre Jean Robiquet isolates the dye alizarin. * Michael Faraday determines the chemical formula of naphthalene. Exploration * May 22 – departs on her first voyage from Plymouth for a Hydrography, hydrographic survey of the Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego regions of South America. * Hyacinthe de Bougainville completes a three-year global circumnavigation. Mathematics * ''Crelle's Journal, Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik'' is founded by August Leopold Crelle in Berlin. * February – Nikolai Lobachevsky first presents his system of non-Euclidean geometry, non-Euclidean hyperbolic geometry. Physiology and medicine * Johannes Peter Müller publishes his first important works, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Presidents Of The United States
The president of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States, indirectly elected to a four-year Term of office, term via the United States Electoral College, Electoral College. The officeholder leads the Executive (government), executive branch of the Federal government of the United States, federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. Since the office was established in 1789, 45 men have served in 46 presidencies. The first president, George Washington, won a unanimous vote of the Electoral College; one, Grover Cleveland, served two non-consecutive terms and is therefore counted as the 22nd and 24th president of the United States, giving rise to the discrepancy between the number of presidencies and the number of persons who have served as president. The incumbent president is Joe Biden. There are five living former presidents: Jimmy Carter, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, Barack Obama, and Donald Trum ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Founding Fathers Of The United States
The Founding Fathers of the United States, known simply as the Founding Fathers or Founders, were a group of late-18th-century American Revolution, American revolutionary leaders who United Colonies, united the Thirteen Colonies, oversaw the American Revolutionary War, war for independence from Kingdom of Great Britain, Great Britain, established the United States, and crafted a Constitution, framework of government for the new nation. Historians generally recognize prominent leaders of the American Revolution, Revolutionary Era (1765–1791), such as George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and Alexander Hamilton, as Founding Fathers. In addition, signers of the United States Declaration of Independence, Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution are widely credited with the nation's founding, while other scholars include all delegates to the Constitutional Convention (United States), Constitutional Convention in 1787 whether they signed th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thomas Jefferson
Thomas Jefferson (April 13, 1743 – July 4, 1826) was an American statesman, diplomat, lawyer, architect, philosopher, and Founding Fathers of the United States, Founding Father who served as the third president of the United States from 1801 to 1809. He was previously the nation's second vice president of the United States, vice president under John Adams and the first United States Secretary of State, United States secretary of state under George Washington. The principal author of the United States Declaration of Independence, Declaration of Independence, Jefferson was a proponent of democracy, republicanism, and individual rights, motivating Thirteen Colonies, American colonists to break from the Kingdom of Great Britain and form a new nation. He produced formative documents and decisions at state, national, and international levels. During the American Revolution, Jefferson represented Virginia in the Continental Congress that adopted the Declaration of Independence. As ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Old Style And New Style Dates
Old Style (O.S.) and New Style (N.S.) indicate dating systems before and after a calendar change, respectively. Usually, this is the change from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar as enacted in various European countries between 1582 and 1923. In England, Wales, Ireland and Britain's American colonies, there were two calendar changes, both in 1752. The first adjusted the start of a new year from Lady Day (25 March) to 1 January (which Scotland had done from 1600), while the second discarded the Julian calendar in favour of the Gregorian calendar, removing 11 days from the September 1752 calendar to do so.Spathaky, MikOld Style and New Style Dates and the change to the Gregorian Calendar "Before 1752, parish registers, in addition to a new year heading after 24th March showing, for example '1733', had another heading at the end of the following December indicating '1733/4'. This showed where the Historical Year 1734 started even though the Civil Year 1733 continued u ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1822 In Science
The year 1822 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Biology * "''Rostocker Pfeilstorch''", a white stork, is found in northern Germany with an arrow from central Africa through its neck, demonstrating the fact of bird migration. Geology * Georges Cuvier establishes new standards and methods in stratigraphy and paleontology. * Gideon Mantell discovers the first fossil of the iguanodon. * John Phillips (geologist), John Phillips and William Conybeare (geologist), William Conybeare identify the Carboniferous Period. * Jean Baptiste Julien d'Omalius d'Halloy identifies the Cretaceous Period. He also proposes the Jurassic System. Mathematics * July 3 – Charles Babbage publishes a proposal for a "difference engine", a mechanical forerunner of the modern computer for calculating logarithms and Trigonometry, trigonometric functions. Construction of an operational version will proceed under British Government sponsorship 1823–32 but it will never b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mineralogist
Mineralogy is a subject of geology specializing in the scientific study of the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of minerals and mineralized artifacts. Specific studies within mineralogy include the processes of mineral origin and formation, classification of minerals, their geographical distribution, as well as their utilization. History Early writing on mineralogy, especially on gemstones, comes from ancient Babylonia, the ancient Greco-Roman world, ancient and medieval China, and Sanskrit texts from ancient India and the ancient Islamic world. Books on the subject included the ''Naturalis Historia'' of Pliny the Elder, which not only described many different minerals but also explained many of their properties, and Kitab al Jawahir (Book of Precious Stones) by Persian scientist Al-Biruni. The German Renaissance specialist Georgius Agricola wrote works such as '' De re metallica'' (''On Metals'', 1556) and ''De Natura Fossilium'' (''O ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French People
The French people (french: Français) are an ethnic group and nation primarily located in Western Europe that share a common French culture, history, and language, identified with the country of France. The French people, especially the native speakers of langues d'oïl from northern and central France, are primarily the descendants of Gauls (including the Belgae) and Romans (or Gallo-Romans, western European Celtic and Italic peoples), as well as Germanic peoples such as the Franks, the Visigoths, the Suebi and the Burgundians who settled in Gaul from east of the Rhine after the fall of the Roman Empire, as well as various later waves of lower-level irregular migration that have continued to the present day. The Norse also settled in Normandy in the 10th century and contributed significantly to the ancestry of the Normans. Furthermore, regional ethnic minorities also exist within France that have distinct lineages, languages and cultures such as Bretons in Brittany, Occi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
René Just Haüy
René Just Haüy () FRS MWS FRSE (28 February 1743 – 1 June 1822) was a French priest and mineralogist, commonly styled the Abbé Haüy after he was made an honorary canon of Notre Dame. Due to his innovative work on crystal structure and his four-volume ''Traité de Minéralogie'' (1801), he is often referred to as the "Father of Modern Crystallography". During the French revolution he also helped to establish the metric system. Biography Early life René-Just Haüy was born at Saint-Just-en-Chaussée on February 28, 1743, in the province of Île-de-France (later the ''département'' of Oise). His parents were Just Haüy, a poor linen-weaver, and his wife Magdeleine Candelot. Haüy's interest in the services and music of the local church brought him to the attention of the prior of a nearby abbey of Premonstrants. Through him, Haüy was introduced to a colleague in Paris and obtained a scholarship to the College of Navarre. Haüy eventually became an usher, and in 1764 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1820 In Science
The year 1820 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Astronomy * March 10 – Astronomical Society of London is founded. * October 20 – Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope, is founded. Biology * Christian Friedrich Nasse formulates Nasse's law: hemophilia occurs only in males and is transmitted by asymptomatic females. * Ground is set aside for establishment of the United States Botanic Garden in Washington, D.C. Chemistry * May – John Herapath draws up a partial account of the kinetic theory of gases. * Joseph Bienaimé Caventou and Pierre Joseph Pelletier isolate the alkaloids cinchonine and quinine from ''Cinchona'' bark. * Friedrich Accum's ''A Treatise on Adulterations of Food and Culinary Poisons'' is published in London. Computing * Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar makes his "Arithmometer", the first mass-produced calculator. Exploration * January 27 ( NS) – The Antarctic ice sheet is sighted for the first time by Imperial R ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
.jpg "Click for more on -> René Just Haüy")
