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19th Century In Valletta
19 (nineteen) is the natural number following 18 and preceding 20. It is a prime number. Mathematics 19 is the eighth prime number, and forms a sexy prime with 13, a twin prime with 17, and a cousin prime with 23. It is the third full reptend prime, the fifth central trinomial coefficient, and the seventh Mersenne prime exponent. It is also the second Keith number, and more specifically the first Keith prime. * 19 is the maximum number of fourth powers needed to sum up to any natural number, and in the context of Waring's problem, 19 is the fourth value of g(k). * The sum of the squares of the first 19 primes is divisible by 19. *19 is the sixth Heegner number. 67 and 163, respectively the 19th and 38th prime numbers, are the two largest Heegner numbers, of nine total. * 19 is the third centered triangular number as well as the third centered hexagonal number. : The 19th triangular number is 190, equivalently the sum of the first 19 non-zero integers, that is als ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nonadecimal
There are many different numeral systems, that is, writing systems for expressing numbers. By culture / time period By type of notation Numeral systems are classified here as to whether they use positional notation (also known as place-value notation), and further categorized by radix or base. Standard positional numeral systems The common names are derived somewhat arbitrarily from a mix of Latin and Greek, in some cases including roots from both languages within a single name. There have been some proposals for standardisation. Non-standard positional numeral systems Bijective numeration Signed-digit representation Negative bases The common names of the negative base numeral systems are formed using the prefix ''nega-'', giving names such as: Complex bases Non-integer bases ''n''-adic number Mixed radix * Factorial number system * Even double factorial number system * Odd double factorial number system * Primorial number system * Fibon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Heegner Number
In number theory, a Heegner number (as termed by Conway and Guy) is a square-free positive integer ''d'' such that the imaginary quadratic field \Q\left sqrt\right/math> has class number 1. Equivalently, its ring of integers has unique factorization. The determination of such numbers is a special case of the class number problem, and they underlie several striking results in number theory. According to the (Baker–)Stark–Heegner theorem there are precisely nine Heegner numbers: This result was conjectured by Gauss and proved up to minor flaws by Kurt Heegner in 1952. Alan Baker and Harold Stark independently proved the result in 1966, and Stark further indicated the gap in Heegner's proof was minor. Euler's prime-generating polynomial Euler's prime-generating polynomial n^2 + n + 41, which gives (distinct) primes for ''n'' = 0, ..., 39, is related to the Heegner number 163 = 4 · 41 − 1. Rabinowitz proved that n^ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parity (mathematics)
In mathematics, parity is the property of an integer of whether it is even or odd. An integer is even if it is a multiple of two, and odd if it is not.. For example, −4, 0, 82 are even because \begin -2 \cdot 2 &= -4 \\ 0 \cdot 2 &= 0 \\ 41 \cdot 2 &= 82 \end By contrast, −3, 5, 7, 21 are odd numbers. The above definition of parity applies only to integer numbers, hence it cannot be applied to numbers like 1/2 or 4.201. See the section "Higher mathematics" below for some extensions of the notion of parity to a larger class of "numbers" or in other more general settings. Even and odd numbers have opposite parities, e.g., 22 (even number) and 13 (odd number) have opposite parities. In particular, the parity of zero is even. Any two consecutive integers have opposite parity. A number (i.e., integer) expressed in the decimal numeral system is even or odd according to whether its last digit is even or odd. That is, if the last digit is 1, 3, 5, 7, or 9, then it is odd; oth ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Full Reptend Prime
In number theory, a full reptend prime, full repetend prime, proper primeDickson, Leonard E., 1952, ''History of the Theory of Numbers, Volume 1'', Chelsea Public. Co. or long prime in base ''b'' is an odd prime number ''p'' such that the Fermat quotient : q_p(b) = \frac (where ''p'' does not divide ''b'') gives a cyclic number. Therefore, the base ''b'' expansion of 1/p repeats the digits of the corresponding cyclic number infinitely, as does that of a/p with rotation of the digits for any ''a'' between 1 and ''p'' − 1. The cyclic number corresponding to prime ''p'' will possess ''p'' − 1 digits if and only if ''p'' is a full reptend prime. That is, the multiplicative order = ''p'' − 1, which is equivalent to ''b'' being a primitive root modulo ''p''. The term "long prime" was used by John Conway and Richard Guy in their ''Book of Numbers''. Confusingly, Sloane's OEIS refers to these primes as "cyclic numbers". Base 10 Base 10 ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1009 (number)
1000 or one thousand is the natural number following 999 and preceding 1001. In most English-speaking countries, it can be written with or without a comma or sometimes a period separating the thousands digit: 1,000. A group of one thousand things is sometimes known, from Ancient Greek, as a chiliad. A period of one thousand years may be known as a chiliad or, more often from Latin, as a millennium. The number 1000 is also sometimes described as a short thousand in medieval contexts where it is necessary to distinguish the Germanic concept of 1200 as a long thousand. Notation * The decimal representation for one thousand is ** 1000—a one followed by three zeros, in the general notation ; ** 1 × 103—in engineering notation, which for this number coincides with : ** 1 × 103 exactly—in scientific normalized exponential notation ; ** 1 E+3 exactly—in scientific E notation. * The SI prefix for a thousand units is "kilo-", abbreviated to "k"—for instance, a ki ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
109 (number)
109 (one hundred ndnine) is the natural number following 108 and preceding 110. In mathematics 109 is the 29th prime number. As 29 is itself prime, 109 is a super-prime. The previous prime is 107, making them both twin primes. 109 is a centered triangular number. The decimal expansion of 1/109 can be computed using the alternating series, with F(n) the n^ Fibonacci number: ::\frac=\sum_^\infty\times (-1)^=0.00917431\dots The decimal expansion of 1/109 has 108 digits, making 109 a full reptend prime in decimal. The last six digits of the 108-digit cycle are 853211, the first six Fibonacci numbers in descending order. There are exactly 109 different families of subsets of a three-element set whose union includes all three elements, 109 different loops (invertible but not necessarily associative binary operations with an identity) on six elements, and 109 squares on an infinite chessboard that can be reached by a knight within three moves. See also *109 (other) 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zero
0 (zero) is a number representing an empty quantity. In place-value notation such as the Hindu–Arabic numeral system, 0 also serves as a placeholder numerical digit, which works by multiplying digits to the left of 0 by the radix, usually by 10. As a number, 0 fulfills a central role in mathematics as the additive identity of the integers, real numbers, and other algebraic structures. Common names for the number 0 in English are ''zero'', ''nought'', ''naught'' (), ''nil''. In contexts where at least one adjacent digit distinguishes it from the letter O, the number is sometimes pronounced as ''oh'' or ''o'' (). Informal or slang terms for 0 include ''zilch'' and ''zip''. Historically, ''ought'', ''aught'' (), and ''cipher'', have also been used. Etymology The word ''zero'' came into the English language via French from the Italian , a contraction of the Venetian form of Italian via ''ṣafira'' or ''ṣifr''. In pre-Islamic time the word (Arabic ) had the meani ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Centered Nonagonal Number
A centered nonagonal number (or centered enneagonal number) is a centered figurate number that represents a nonagon with a dot in the center and all other dots surrounding the center dot in successive nonagonal layers. The centered nonagonal number for ''n'' layers is given by the formula :Nc(n) = \frac. Multiplying the (''n'' - 1)th triangular number by 9 and then adding 1 yields the ''n''th centered nonagonal number, but centered nonagonal numbers have an even simpler relation to triangular numbers: every third triangular number (the 1st, 4th, 7th, etc.) is also a centered nonagonal number. Thus, the first few centered nonagonal numbers are : 1, 10, 28, 55, 91, 136, 190, 253, 325, 406, 496, 595, 703, 820, 946. The list above includes the perfect numbers 28 and 496. All even perfect numbers are triangular numbers whose index is an odd Mersenne prime. Since every Mersenne prime greater than 3 is congruent to 1 modulo In computing, the modulo operation retur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Integer
An integer is the number zero (), a positive natural number (, , , etc.) or a negative integer with a minus sign ( −1, −2, −3, etc.). The negative numbers are the additive inverses of the corresponding positive numbers. In the language of mathematics, the set of integers is often denoted by the boldface or blackboard bold \mathbb. The set of natural numbers \mathbb is a subset of \mathbb, which in turn is a subset of the set of all rational numbers \mathbb, itself a subset of the real numbers \mathbb. Like the natural numbers, \mathbb is countably infinite. An integer may be regarded as a real number that can be written without a fractional component. For example, 21, 4, 0, and −2048 are integers, while 9.75, , and are not. The integers form the smallest group and the smallest ring containing the natural numbers. In algebraic number theory, the integers are sometimes qualified as rational integers to distinguish them from the more general algebraic in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
190 (number)
190 (one hundred ndninety) is the natural number following 189 and preceding 191. In mathematics 190 is a triangular number, a hexagonal number, and a centered nonagonal number, the fourth figurate number (after 1, 28, and 91) with that combination of properties. It is also a truncated square pyramid number. Integers from 191 to 199 ;191 : 191 is a prime number. ;192 : 192 = 26 × 3 is a 3- smooth number, the smallest number with 14 divisors. ;193 :193 is a prime number. ;194 : 194 = 2 × 97 is a Markov number, the smallest number written as the sum of three squares in five ways, and the number of irreducible representations of the Monster group. ;195 : 195 = 3 × 5 × 13 is the smallest number expressed as a sum of distinct squares in 16 different ways. ;196 : 196 = 22 × 72 is a square number. ;197 : 197 is a prime number and a Schröder–Hipparchus number. ;198 :198 = 2 × 32 × 11 is the smallest number written as the sum of four squares in ten ways :No integer facto ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Triangular Number
A triangular number or triangle number counts objects arranged in an equilateral triangle. Triangular numbers are a type of figurate number, other examples being square numbers and cube numbers. The th triangular number is the number of dots in the triangular arrangement with dots on each side, and is equal to the sum of the natural numbers from 1 to . The sequence of triangular numbers, starting with the 0th triangular number, is (This sequence is included in the On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences .) Formula The triangular numbers are given by the following explicit formulas: T_n= \sum_^n k = 1+2+3+ \dotsb +n = \frac = , where \textstyle is a binomial coefficient. It represents the number of distinct pairs that can be selected from objects, and it is read aloud as " plus one choose two". The first equation can be illustrated using a visual proof. For every triangular number T_n, imagine a "half-square" arrangement of objects corresponding to the triangular n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Centered Hexagonal Number
In mathematics and combinatorics, a centered hexagonal number, or hex number, is a centered figurate number that represents a hexagon with a dot in the center and all other dots surrounding the center dot in a hexagonal lattice. The following figures illustrate this arrangement for the first four centered hexagonal numbers: : Centered hexagonal numbers should not be confused with cornered hexagonal numbers, which are figurate numbers in which the associated hexagons share a vertex. The sequence of hexagonal numbers starts out as follows : : 1, 7, 19, 37, 61, 91, 127, 169, 217, 271, 331, 397, 469, 547, 631, 721, 817, 919. Formula The th centered hexagonal number is given by the formula :H(n) = n^3 - (n-1)^3 = 3n(n-1)+1 = 3n^2 - 3n +1. \, Expressing the formula as :H(n) = 1+6\left(\frac\right) shows that the centered hexagonal number for is 1 more than 6 times the th triangular number. In the opposite direction, the ''index'' corresponding to the centered he ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
