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1994 Turkmen Presidential Term Referendum
A referendum on extending President Saparmurat Niyazov's term until 2002 was held in Turkmenistan on 15 January 1994. Official results showed that the proposal was approved by 99.99% of voters, with a 100% turnout. Background In January 1990 Saparmurat Niyazov was elected to the Supreme Soviet of the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic and was appointed as its chairman. Two months later, Niyazov was elected by the Supreme Soviet to the new office of president. Following in the footsteps of his predecessor(s), Niyazov prevented Gorbachev-era reforms from having any tangible effect on what was among the most conservative federal republics of USSR. Opposition groups were routinely disbanded and members exiled on charges of anti-Soviet activities. In October 1990 his presidency was "unanimously" confirmed by the masses. A year later he led Turkmenistan to secede from the Soviet Union despite an initial reluctance, and decreed a new constitution that promulgated a presidential governmen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Saparmurat Niyazov
Saparmurat Atayevich Niyazov; tk, Saparmyrat Ataýewiç Nyýazow, in Cyrillic: Сапармырат Атаевич Ныязов (19 February 1940 – 21 December 2006), also known as Turkmenbashi, was a Turkmen politician who ruled Turkmenistan from 1990 until his death in 2006 as a dictator. He was First Secretary of the Turkmen Communist Party from 1985 until 1991 and supported the 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt. He continued to rule Turkmenistan for 15 years after independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. Turkmen media referred to him using the title, ''His "Excellency Saparmurat Turkmenbashy, President of Turkmenistan and Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers"''. His self-given title ''Turkmenbashy'', meaning ''Head of the Turkmen'', referred to his position as the founder and president of the Association of Turkmens of the World. In 1999, the Assembly of Turkmenistan declared Niyazov President for Life of Turkmenistan. In his time, he was one of the wo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan ( or ; tk, Türkmenistan / Түркменистан, ) is a country located in Central Asia, bordered by Kazakhstan to the northwest, Uzbekistan to the north, east and northeast, Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest and the Caspian Sea to the west. Ashgabat is the capital and largest city. The population is about 6 million, the lowest of the Central Asian republics, and Turkmenistan is one of the most sparsely populated nations in Asia. Turkmenistan has long served as a thoroughfare for other nations and cultures. Merv is one of the oldest oasis-cities in Central Asia, and was once the biggest city in the world. It was also one of the great cities of the Islamic world and an important stop on the Silk Road. Annexed by the Russian Empire in 1881, Turkmenistan figured prominently in the anti-Bolshevik movement in Central Asia. In 1925, Turkmenistan became a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Repu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mikhail Gorbachev
Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (2 March 1931 – 30 August 2022) was a Soviet politician who served as the 8th and final leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 to dissolution of the Soviet Union, the country's dissolution in 1991. He served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 and additionally as head of state beginning in 1988, as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet from 1988 to 1989, Chairman of the Supreme Soviet from 1989 to 1990 and the only President of the Soviet Union from 1990 to 1991. Ideologically, Gorbachev initially adhered to Marxism–Leninism but moved towards social democracy by the early 1990s. Gorbachev was born in Privolnoye, Stavropol Krai, Privolnoye, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russian SFSR, to a poor peasant family of Russian and Ukrainian heritage. Growing up under the rule of Joseph Stalin, in his youth he operated combine harvesters on a Collective farming, collective farm before join ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Muhammad Gapusov
Muhammetnazar Gapuroviç Gapurov (Turkmen Cyrillic: Мухамметназар Гапурович Гапуров; rus, links=no, Мухамметназар Капурович Капуров, Mukhammetnazar Kapurovich Kapurov; 15 February 192213 July 1999) was a Turkmen politician who has served as the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Turkmen SSR from 1969 until 1985. He spent his entire career in the Komsomol and Communist Party apparatus, becoming the republic's most influential politician for almost two decades in the Brezhnev era. Early life and career Gapurov was born in a small village close to Charjou, Charjou Oblast (now Türkmenabat, Lebap Province). In December 1941 he was drafted into the army, serving as the commander of a gunners section in the 88th Separate Rifle Brigade of the Central Asian Military District. From 1941 to 1944 he was on active duty in the Red Army during World War II. In 1948 Gapurov joined the Communist Party ''nomenklatura'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Supreme Soviet Of The Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic
The Supreme Soviet of the Turkmen SSR ( tk, Түркменистан ССР Ёкары Советы, Türkmenistan SSR Ýokary Sowety; russian: Верховный Совет Туркменской ССР, Verkhovnyy Sovet Turkmenskoy SSR) was the supreme soviet (main legislative institution) of the Turkmen SSR, one of the union republics of the Soviet Union. The Supreme Soviet of the Turkmen SSR was established in 1938 and disbanded in 1992. It was succeeded by the Assembly of Turkmenistan in 1992. Chairmen of the Supreme Soviet Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Turkmen SSR was dissolved on January 18, 1990. Thus, all powers of the Chairman of the Presidium were transferred to the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Turkmen SSR. {, class="wikitable" !Portrait !Chairman !From !To , - , , Khivali Babev , 26 July 1938 , January 1942 , - , , Allaberdy Berdyev , 27 January 1942 , 6 March 1948 , - , , Akmamed Sa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1992 Turkmenistan Presidential Election
Presidential elections were held in Turkmenistan on 21 June 1992,Dieter Nohlen, Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann (2001) ''Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume I'', p477 the first since independence. The sole candidate was Saparmurat Niyazov, who had served as the first Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Turkmen SSR since 21 December 1985. Other candidates were not allowed to participate in the elections. According to official data, 99.5% of voters voted in favour of Niyazov, with voter turnout at 99.8%.Nohlen et al., p480 Background The post of President of the Turkmenistan SSR was introduced in the second half of 1990, before independence and the official adoption of the new constitution of the independent Turkmenistan. Niyazov had been the only candidate in the October 1990 elections, in which it was reported 98.3% of voters voted for him. After Turkmenistan gained independence as a result of the collapse of the USSR, Niyazov proposed to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cult Of Personality
A cult of personality, or a cult of the leader, Mudde, Cas and Kaltwasser, Cristóbal Rovira (2017) ''Populism: A Very Short Introduction''. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 63. is the result of an effort which is made to create an idealized and heroic image of a leader by a government, often through unquestioning flattery and praise. Historically, it has developed through techniques of mass media, propaganda, fake news, spectacle, the arts, patriotism, and government-organized demonstrations and rallies. A cult of personality is similar to apotheosis, except that it is established by modern social engineering techniques, usually by the state or the party in one-party states and dominant-party states. A cult of personality often accompanies the leader of a totalitarian or authoritarian countries. It can also be seen in some monarchies, theocracies, and failed democracies. Background Throughout history, monarchs and other heads of state were often held in enorm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Assembly Of Turkmenistan
The Assembly ( tk, Mejlis) is since March 2021 the lower house of the National Council of Turkmenistan. It has 125 members, elected for five-year terms in single-seat constituencies. Structure In addition to the chairperson and deputy chairperson, the Mejlis is organized into committees, which include: Protection of human rights and freedoms;Regulation;Science, education, culture and youth policy;Economic issues;Social policy;International and inter-parliamentary relations;Environmental protection, nature use and agro-industrial complex;Working with local representative authorities and self-governing bodies. History Originally, it shared power with the People's Council. Since 2018, the People's Council has been restored as a parliamentary body, an arrangement that was formalized in 2020. A 2003 law reduced the power of the Assembly and augmented that of the People's Council. This meant that until 2008 the Assembly could be legally dissolved by the People's Council, was led ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1994 Referendums
File:1994 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The 1994 Winter Olympics are held in Lillehammer, Norway; The Kaiser Permanente building after the 1994 Northridge earthquake; A model of the MS Estonia, which sank in the Baltic Sea; Nelson Mandela casts his vote in the 1994 South African general election, in which he was elected South Africa's first president, and which effectively brought Apartheid to an end; NAFTA, which was signed in 1992, comes into effect in Canada, the United States, and Mexico; The first passenger rail service to utilize the newly-opened Channel tunnel; The 1994 FIFA World Cup is held in the United States; Skulls from the Rwandan genocide, in which over half a million Tutsi people were massacred by Hutus., 300x300px, thumb rect 0 0 200 200 1994 Winter Olympics rect 200 0 400 200 Northridge earthquake rect 400 0 600 200 Sinking of the MS Estonia rect 0 200 300 400 Rwandan genocide rect 300 200 600 400 Nelson Mandela rect 0 400 200 600 1994 FIFA World ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1994 In Turkmenistan
File:1994 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The 1994 Winter Olympics are held in Lillehammer, Norway; The Kaiser Permanente building after the 1994 Northridge earthquake; A model of the MS Estonia, which sank in the Baltic Sea; Nelson Mandela casts his vote in the 1994 South African general election, in which he was elected South Africa's first president, and which effectively brought Apartheid to an end; NAFTA, which was signed in 1992, comes into effect in Canada, the United States, and Mexico; The first passenger rail service to utilize the newly-opened Channel tunnel; The 1994 FIFA World Cup is held in the United States; Skulls from the Rwandan genocide, in which over half a million Tutsi people were massacred by Hutus., 300x300px, thumb rect 0 0 200 200 1994 Winter Olympics rect 200 0 400 200 Northridge earthquake rect 400 0 600 200 Sinking of the MS Estonia rect 0 200 300 400 Rwandan genocide rect 300 200 600 400 Nelson Mandela rect 0 400 200 600 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
