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1990s In Angola
In the 1990s in Angola, the last decade of the Angolan Civil War (1975–2002), the Angolan government transitioned from a nominally communist state to a nominally democratic one, a move made possible by political changes abroad and military victories at home. Namibia's declaration of independence, internationally recognized on April 1, eliminated the southwestern front of combat as South African forces withdrew to the east. The MPLA abolished the one-party system in June and rejected Marxist-Leninism at the MPLA's third Congress in December, formally changing the party's name from the MPLA-PT to the MPLA. The National Assembly of Angola, National Assembly passed law 12/91 in May 1991, coinciding with the withdrawal of the last Cuban troops, defining Angola as a "democratic state based on the rule of law" with a multi-party system. Observers met such changes with skepticism. American journalist Karl Maier wrote, "In the new Angola, ideology is being replaced by the bottom line, as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Angolan Civil War
The Angolan Civil War ( pt, Guerra Civil Angolana) was a civil war in Angola, beginning in 1975 and continuing, with interludes, until 2002. The war immediately began after Angola became independent from Portugal in November 1975. The war was a power struggle between two former anti-colonial guerrilla movements, the communist People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) and the turned anti-communist National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA). The war was used as a surrogate battleground for the Cold War by rival states such as the Soviet Union, Cuba, South Africa, and the United States. The MPLA and UNITA had different roots in Angolan society and mutually incompatible leaderships, despite their shared aim of ending colonial rule. A third movement, the National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA), having fought the MPLA with UNITA during the war for independence, played almost no role in the Civil War. Additionally, the Front for the Liberati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
BKSH & Associates Worldwide
Black, Kelly, Scruggs & Healey, also known as BKSH & Associates was a Washington, D.C.-based lobbying firm with principals Charles R. Black Jr., Peter G. Kelly, John F. Scruggs, and James Healey which was merged with Timmons & Company in 2010 to form Prime Policy Group. History The firm came into being in 1996 through the merger of D.C. firms Black, Manafort, Stone and Kelly (BMSK or Black, Manafort) and Gold & Liebengood by Martin B. Gold. BMSK, was established in 1980 as a Washington, DC-based lobbying firm by principals Paul Manafort, Charles R. Black Jr., Roger J. Stone and Peter G. Kelly Peter G. Kelly (born 1938), also known as Peter Galbraith Kelly Sr., is an American lobbyist and political consultant. He received the 2015 Luminary Award in The World Affairs Council of CT. Education After education at Georgetown University and .... In 1981, the Manafort, Black, and Stone "started a separate lobbying company by the same name". Democrat Peter G. Kelly, Peter Kelly an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
