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17 October Affair
The 17 October affair was an event during which Indonesian soldiers pressured the president to disband the Provisional People's Representative Council, at the behest of the administration's chief of staff, along with the commander of the armed forces. The demand was made of President Sukarno while the Merdeka Palace was surrounded. It is named for taking place on 17 October 1952. Due to tensions regarding potential army reorganization to conserve budgets, the Indonesian Army's high command came into dispute with the parliament in what it saw as excessive civilian meddling within military affairs. After a dismissal of a pro-government officer in July 1952, the parliament began demanding a significant restructuring of armed forces leadership, and after three months tensions culminated in thousands of demonstrators mobilized by the army in Jakarta. Sukarno managed to temper the demonstrators and assure the army officers, but refused to concede to any demands. Soon after the incident ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Provisional People's Representative Council
The Provisional People's Representative Council ( id, Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Sementara) was the first Indonesian legislature under the Provisional Constitution of 1950. The council was formed after the transition of Indonesia to a unitary state on 17 August 1950. The council initially consisted of 236 members, with 213 members remaining prior to the dissolution of the council in 1956. History On 14 August 1950, three days prior to the dissolution of the United States of Indonesia, the People's Representative Council and the Senate of the United States of Indonesia approved the draft of the Provisional Constitution of 1950. Accordingly, on 15 August 1950, the council and the senate held a joint meeting, in which Sukarno read the Charter of the Establishment of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. The charter officially abolished the United States of Indonesia, and formed the Republic of Indonesia effective from 17 August 1950. Thus, the charter officially dissolved t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zainul Baharuddin
Zainul may refer to: * Zainul Abedeen (c. 659 – c. 713), the fourth Imam in Shiʻi Islam *Kazi Zainul Abedin (1892–1962), Urdu poet, officer in the Government of the Nizam of Hyderabad *Syed Zainul Abedin, the Dewan (spiritual Head) of the Ajmer Sharif Dargah *Zainul Abedin (1914–1976), Bangladeshi painter *Zainul Abedin (politician) (8201–2014), Bangladesh Nationalist Party politician *Zainul Abideen, Pakistani politician *Azizan Zainul Abidin (1935–2004), Malaysian corporate figure, president of the Putrajaya Corporation and of Petronas *Mohd Asri Zainul Abidin (born 1971), known as MAZA, Islamic scholar, preacher, writer and lecturer from Malaysia *Zahidi Zainul Abidin (born 1961), Malaysian politician, Deputy Minister of Communications and Multimedia *Zainul Abidin (politician) (born 1948), Singaporean diplomat, business executive and retired politician *Zainul Abidin of Aceh (died 1579), the seventh sultan of Aceh in northern Sumatra *Zainul Arifin (1909–1963), Indon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John Reid (diplomat)
John Stanhope Reid (25 March 1901 – 24 August 1985) was a New Zealand lawyer, public servant and diplomat. He served as first United Nations Resident Representative in Indonesia (1952–53), and New Zealand Ambassador to Tokyo (1956-61) and High Commissioner to Canada (1961–64). Early life John Reid was born in the then largely working-class Lower Hutt suburb of Petone, the eldest of five children of Scottish-born John Reid (1874-1950), a worker in the nearby Railway Workshops, and Alice, née Bernard (1876-1953), New Zealand-born grand-daughter of an Anglo-Irish Church of Ireland clergyman. He was among the first from Petone to achieve a university degree, studying law part-time at Victoria University College while working in the Crown Law Office. He graduated and began practising law in 1923, initially in Christchurch, and then in Marton, Taihape and Putaruru, before opening his own practice in Lower Hutt in 1927. On 6 October 1926 he married Wellington schoolteacher Doris ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flag Of The Netherlands
The national flag of the Netherlands ( nl, de Nederlandse vlag) is a horizontal tricolour (flag), tricolour of red, white, and blue. The current design originates as a variant of the late 16th century orange-white-blue ''Prince's Flag, Prinsenvlag'' ("Prince's Flag"), evolving in the early 17th century as the red-white-blue ''Statenvlag'' ("States Flag"), the naval flag of the States General of the Netherlands#Dutch Republic, States-General of the Dutch Republic, making the Dutch flag perhaps the oldest Tricolour (flag), tricolour flag in continuous use.As a flag that symbolises the transformation from monarchy to republic, it has inspired both the derivative Flag of Russia, Russian flag, and after the French Revolution in 1789 the vertically striped Flag of France, French tricolour, both flags in turn influenced many other tricolours. During the economic crisis of the 1930s, the old Prince's Flag with the colour orange gained some popularity among some people. To end the confu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mohammad Hatta
Mohammad Hatta (; 12 August 1902 – 14 March 1980) was an Indonesian statesman and nationalist who served as the country's first vice president. Known as "The Proclamator", he and a number of Indonesians, including the first president of Indonesia, Soekarno, fought for the independence of Indonesia from the Dutch. Hatta was born in Fort de Kock, Dutch East Indies (now Bukittinggi, Indonesia). After his early education, he studied in Dutch schools in the Dutch East Indies and studied in the Netherlands from 1921 until 1932. Early life, family, and early education Early life and family Hatta was born in Fort De Kock (now known as Bukittinggi) on 12 August 1902 into a prominent and strongly Islamic family. His grandfather, Sheikh Abdurrahman, was a respected Naqshbandi-Khalidi murshid in Batuhampar, near Payakumbuh. His father, Haji Mohammad Djamil, died when he was eight months old and he was left with his six sisters and his mother. As in the matrilineal society of Minangka ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Moestopo
Major General Professor Moestopo (13 July 1913 – 29 September 1986) was an Indonesian dentist, freedom fighter, and educator. He was declared a National Hero of Indonesia on 10 November 2007. Born in Kediri, East Java, Moestopo moved to Surabaya to attend the School of Dentistry there. At first becoming a practitioner, his work was interrupted in 1942 when the Japanese occupied Indonesia and Moestopo was arrested by the Kempeitai for looking suspicious. Upon his release, he became a dentist for the Japanese but eventually decided to train as an army officer. After graduating with honours, Moestopo was given command of PETA (Pembela Tanah Air) troops in Sidoarjo; he was later promoted to commander of the troops in Gresik. While in Surabaya, during the Indonesian National Revolution Moestopo conducted negotiations with British expeditionary forces led by Brigadier Aubertin Walter Sothern Mallaby. When relations broke down and President Sukarno was called to Surabaya to mend th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dissolution Of Parliament
The dissolution of a legislative assembly is the mandatory simultaneous resignation of all of its members, in anticipation that a successive legislative assembly will reconvene later with possibly different members. In a democracy, the new assembly is chosen by a general election. Dissolution is distinct on the one hand from abolition of the assembly, and on the other hand from its adjournment or prorogation, or the ending of a legislative session, any of which begins a period of inactivity after which it is anticipated that the same members will reassemble. For example, the "second session of the fifth parliament" could be followed by the "third session of the fifth parliament" after a prorogation, but the "first session of the sixth parliament" after a dissolution. In most Continental European countries, dissolution does not have immediate effect – i.e. a dissolution merely triggers a snap election, but the old assembly itself continues its existing term and its members remai ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Manai Sophiaan
Manai Sophiaan (5 September 1915 – 30 August 2003) was an Indonesian politician, journalist, and diplomat. Originating from South Sulawesi, Manai briefly became a journalist and teacher before joining the Indonesian National Party (PNI). His tenure in parliament saw one of his motions trigger the 17 October affair in 1952. Outside of his political career, he also briefly served as chief editor of the PNI newspaper ''Suluh Indonesia'', and later became Indonesia's ambassador to the Soviet Union until the fall of Sukarno. Early life and education Sophiaan was born in Takalar, near Makassar, on 5 September 1915, with his father working as a police officer. He completed his elementary to high school education around Makassar, graduating from a Meer Uitgebreid Lager Onderwijs in 1934. In his later memoir, Sophiaan wrote about an incident in his teens when he was treated as less than a Dutch man's dog, which according to him inspired his later opposition to Dutch rule. In 1936, he mov ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Catholic Party (Indonesia)
Catholic Party ( id, Partai Katolik) was a political party for Indonesia's Catholics from colonial times to the 1970s. In 1967 members were involved in debates concerning religious freedom in the New Order and the influence of missionaries on the nation. In the following decade it merged with other parties to form the Indonesian Democratic Party, which has since been renamed the Indonesian Democratic Vanguard Party. History Pre-independence The participation of Catholics in Indonesia begun in the 1920s. In 1923, Fredericus Soetrisno Harjadi, Ignatius Joseph Kasimo, and others formed the Javan Catholic Political Union ( jv, Pakempalan Politik Katolik Djawi (PPKD)). In the political situation of the Dutch East Indies, PPKD joined itself with the Indische Katholieke Partij (IKP), a federation of Catholic organization in the Dutch East Indies, which was formed in November 1918. Even though PPKD was more oriented to Javanese nationalism, IKP itself was more oriented to the interest ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ignatius Joseph Kasimo Hendrowahyono
Ignatius Joseph Kasimo Hendrowahyono (10 April 1900 – 1 August 1986) was an Indonesian politician and national hero. He helped form the Partai Katolik and was himself a Catholic. Early life Hendrowahyono was born in present-day Yogyakarta. His father, Ronosentiko, was a Yogyakarta palace soldier, serving the Mentrijero brigade at the time. His mother was Dalikem and she was a housewife and market stall owner. Hendrowahyono was the second child of the family and one older brother and nine other siblings. Owing to his father's prestigious position in that era, Hendrowahyono was able to attend school in the Dutch East Indies. He first attended Tweede Inlandsche School in Kampung Gading. Later on, he entered a teaching college in Muntilan, where he was introduced to Catholicism by the school's founder, Romo (Father) van Lith. He was baptized in 1913 and received his Christian name Ignatius Joseph. He moved to Britenzorg (now Bogor) in 1918 to continue his studies at Middelba ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gatot Subroto
Gatot Soebroto ( Enhanced Spelling: Gatot Subroto, 10 October 1907 – 11 June 1962) was an Indonesian general who began his military career with the Royal Dutch East Indies Army (KNIL) and rose to be deputy Army chief-of-staff. Early life Soebroto was born in Purwokerto, Central Java. He began his education at a ''Europeesche Lagere School'', an elementary school for the children of Europeans, but was expelled for fighting with the Dutch children.Mutiara Sumber Widya (publisher)(1999) He then moved to a ''Hollandsch-Inlandsche School'' for Indonesians. He did not continue his education after graduating from this elementary school, but instead found a job. However, he was dissatisfied, and decided on a military career.Sudarmanto (1996)Bachtiar (1988) Pre-independence military career In 1923, Gatot enrolled in military school in Magelang. After graduating, he joined the Royal Dutch East Indies Army (KNIL) and rose to the rank of sergeant.Sundhaussen (1982) In 1942, the Japanes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alexander Evert Kawilarang
Alexander Evert Kawilarang (23 February 1920 – 6 June 2000) was an Indonesian freedom fighter, military commander, and founder of ''Kesko TT'', what would become the Indonesian special forces unit Kopassus. However, in 1958 he resigned his post as military attaché to the United States to join the separatist Permesta movement where he encountered Kopassus as his opponent. His involvement in Permesta damaged his military career, but he remained popular and active in the armed forces community. Early life Kawilarang was born in Batavia (now known as Jakarta) on 23 February 1920. His father, Alexander Herman Hermanus Kawilarang, was a major in the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army (KNIL or ''Koninklijk Nederlands Indisch Leger''). His mother was Nelly Betsy Mogot. Both parents were from the Minahasa region in North Sulawesi. Kawilarang enjoyed European style education that included attending the Dutch secondary school (HBS or '' Hogere burgerschool'') in Bandung. Around 1940, he ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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