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1697 In Science
{{Science year nav, 1697 The year 1697 in science and technology involved some significant events. Technology * August – Peter the Great, Tsar of Russia, studies shipbuilding and other technologies in Holland as part of his incognito Grand Embassy to western Europe. Organizations * January – Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle becomes perpetual secretary of the French Academy of Sciences, in succession to Jean-Baptiste du Hamel. Publications * First known publication of English physician Richard Boulton, ''A Treatise of the Reason of Muscular Motion''. * William Dampier publishes ''A New Voyage Round the World'' in London. Births * February 24 – Bernhard Siegfried Weiss, later known as Albinus, German-born Dutch anatomist (died 1770) * February 5 – William Smellie, Scottish obstetrician (died 1763) * September 23 – Andrew Plummer, Scottish physician and chemist (died 1756) Deaths * January 26 – Georg Mohr, Danish mathematician (born 1640) * March 1 – Francesc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anatomist
Anatomy () is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts. Anatomy is a branch of natural science that deals with the structural organization of living things. It is an old science, having its beginnings in prehistoric times. Anatomy is inherently tied to developmental biology, embryology, comparative anatomy, evolutionary biology, and phylogeny, as these are the processes by which anatomy is generated, both over immediate and long-term timescales. Anatomy and physiology, which study the structure and function of organisms and their parts respectively, make a natural pair of related disciplines, and are often studied together. Human anatomy is one of the essential basic sciences that are applied in medicine. The discipline of anatomy is divided into macroscopic and microscopic. Macroscopic anatomy, or gross anatomy, is the examination of an animal's body parts using unaided eyesight. Gross anatomy also includes the branch of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Francesco Redi
Francesco Redi (18 February 1626 – 1 March 1697) was an Italian physician, naturalist, biologist, and poet. He is referred to as the "founder of experimental biology", and as the "father of modern parasitology". He was the first person to challenge the theory of spontaneous generation by demonstrating that maggots come from eggs of flies. Having a doctoral degree in both medicine and philosophy from the University of Pisa at the age of 21, he worked in various cities of Italy. A rationalist of his time, he was a critic of verifiable myths, such as spontaneous generation. His most famous experiments are described in his magnum opus ''Esperienze intorno alla generazione degl'insetti'' (''Experiments on the Generation of Insects''), published in 1668. He disproved that vipers drink wine and could break glasses, and that their venom was poisonous when ingested. He correctly observed that snake venoms were produced from the fangs, not the gallbladder, as was believed. He was also ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1640 In Science
The year 1640 in science and technology involved some significant events. Botany * John Parkinson publishes ''Theatrum Botanicum:The Theater of Plants, or, An Herbal of a Large Extent''. Mathematics * The 16-year-old Blaise Pascal demonstrates the properties of the ''hexagrammum mysticum'' in his ''Essai pour les coniques'' which he sends to Mersenne. * October 18 – Fermat states his " little theorem" in a letter to Frénicle de Bessy: if ''p'' is a prime number, then for any integer ''a'', ''a'' ''p'' − ''a'' will be divisible by ''p''. * December 25 – Fermat claims a proof of the theorem on sums of two squares in a letter to Mersenne ("Fermat's Christmas Theorem"): an odd prime ''p'' is expressible as the sum of two squares. Technology * The micrometer is developed. * A form of bayonet is invented; in later years it will gradually replace the pike. * The reticle telescope is developed and initiates the birth of sharpshooting. Births * April 1 – Ge ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mathematician
A mathematician is someone who uses an extensive knowledge of mathematics in their work, typically to solve mathematical problems. Mathematicians are concerned with numbers, data, quantity, structure, space, models, and change. History One of the earliest known mathematicians were Thales of Miletus (c. 624–c.546 BC); he has been hailed as the first true mathematician and the first known individual to whom a mathematical discovery has been attributed. He is credited with the first use of deductive reasoning applied to geometry, by deriving four corollaries to Thales' Theorem. The number of known mathematicians grew when Pythagoras of Samos (c. 582–c. 507 BC) established the Pythagorean School, whose doctrine it was that mathematics ruled the universe and whose motto was "All is number". It was the Pythagoreans who coined the term "mathematics", and with whom the study of mathematics for its own sake begins. The first woman mathematician recorded by history was Hypati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Danes
Danes ( da, danskere, ) are a North Germanic ethnic group and nationality native to Denmark and a modern nation identified with the country of Denmark. This connection may be ancestral, legal, historical, or cultural. Danes generally regard themselves as a nationality and reserve the word "ethnic" for the description of recent immigrants, sometimes referred to as "new Danes". The contemporary Danish national identity is based on the idea of "Danishness", which is founded on principles formed through historical cultural connections and is typically not based on racial heritage. History Early history Denmark has been inhabited by various Germanic peoples since ancient times, including the Angles, Cimbri, Jutes, Herules, Teutones and others. The first mentions of " Danes" are recorded in the mid-6th century by historians Procopius ( el, δάνοι) and Jordanes (''danī''), who both refer to a tribe related to the Suetidi inhabiting the peninsula of Jutland, the province of Sc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Georg Mohr
Jørgen Mohr (Latinised ''Georg(ius) Mohr''; 1 April 1640 – 26 January 1697) was a Danish mathematician, known for being the first to prove the Mohr–Mascheroni theorem, which states that any geometric construction which can be done with compass and straightedge can also be done with compasses alone. Biography Mohr was born in Copenhagen, the son of a tradesman named David Mohrendal. Beginning in 1662 he traveled to the Netherlands, to study mathematics with Christiaan Huygens.. In 1672 he published his first book, '' Euclides Danicus'', simultaneously in Copenhagen and Amsterdam, in Danish and Dutch respectively. This book, proving the Mohr–Mascheroni theorem 125 years earlier than Lorenzo Mascheroni, would languish in obscurity until its rediscovery in 1928.. Mohr served in Franco-Dutch War in 1672–1673, and was taken prisoner by the French. By 1673, he had published his second book, ''Compendium Euclidis Curiosi''. A third book was later mentioned by Mohr's son; for man ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1756 In Science
The year 1756 in science and technology involved some significant events. Chemistry * Joseph Black describes how carbonates become more alkaline when they lose carbon dioxide, whereas the taking-up of carbon dioxide reconverts them. * Scottish physician Francis Home publishes ''Experiments on Bleaching'' in Edinburgh. * Mikhail Lomonosov disproves the phlogiston theory of combustion and pioneers the study of oxidation by converting tin to stannic oxide. History of science * Thomas Birch begins publication of ''The History of the Royal Society of London''. Technology * John Smeaton produces the first high-quality cement using hydraulic lime since Roman times for construction of the third Eddystone Lighthouse (completed 1759, following burning down of the second in 1755). * The recipe for mayonnaise (originally "salsa mahonesa" or "maonesa") is probably brought back to France by his chef after Louis François Armand du Plessis, duc de Richelieu's military success on Menorca. A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chemist
A chemist (from Greek ''chēm(ía)'' alchemy; replacing ''chymist'' from Medieval Latin ''alchemist'') is a scientist trained in the study of chemistry. Chemists study the composition of matter and its properties. Chemists carefully describe the properties they study in terms of quantities, with detail on the level of molecules and their component atoms. Chemists carefully measure substance proportions, chemical reaction rates, and other chemical properties. In Commonwealth English, pharmacists are often called chemists. Chemists use their knowledge to learn the composition and properties of unfamiliar substances, as well as to reproduce and synthesize large quantities of useful naturally occurring substances and create new artificial substances and useful processes. Chemists may specialize in any number of subdisciplines of chemistry. Materials scientists and metallurgists share much of the same education and skills with chemists. The work of chemists is often related to the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Andrew Plummer
Andrew Plummer FRCP (1697–1756) was a Scottish physician and chemist. He was professor of chemistry at the University of Edinburgh from 1726 to 1755. He developed ideas on the attractive and repulsive forces involved in chemical affinity, which later had influence on his successors William Cullen and Joseph Black. He compounded "Plummer's pills", a mixture of calomel and antimony sulfide with guaiacum; the pills were originally compounded to treat psoriasis Psoriasis is a long-lasting, noncontagious autoimmune disease characterized by raised areas of abnormal skin. These areas are red, pink, or purple, dry, itchy, and scaly. Psoriasis varies in severity from small, localized patches to complete ... but were used for more than a century as an antisyphilitic.Richard M. Swiderski, ''Calomel in America: Mercurial Panacea, War, Song and Ghosts'' (Universal Publishers, 2008; ), pp115-118/ref> References 1697 births 1756 deaths Members of the Philosophical Society o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1763 In Science
The year 1763 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy * Publication posthumously of Nicolas Louis de Lacaille's ''Coelum australe stelliferum'', cataloguing all his data from the southern hemisphere and including about 10,000 stars and a number of brighter star clusters and nebulae. * Publication of Edward Stone's ''The whole doctrine of parallaxes explained and illustrated by an arithmetical and geometrical construction of the transit of Venus over the sun, June 6th, 1761. Enriched with a new and general method of determining the places where any transit of this planet, and especially that which will be June 3d, 1769, may be best observed''. Mathematics * December 23 – Thomas Bayes' solution to a problem of "inverse probability" is presented posthumously in his " Essay towards solving a Problem in the Doctrine of Chances" read by Richard Price to the Royal Society, containing a statement of a special case of Bayes' theorem. Medicine * Edward St ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Obstetrician
Obstetrics is the field of study concentrated on pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period. As a medical specialty, obstetrics is combined with gynecology under the discipline known as obstetrics and gynecology (OB/GYN), which is a surgical field. Main areas Prenatal care Prenatal care is important in screening for various complications of pregnancy. This includes routine office visits with physical exams and routine lab tests along with telehealth care for women with low-risk pregnancies: Image:Ultrasound_image_of_a_fetus.jpg, 3D ultrasound of fetus (about 14 weeks gestational age) Image:Sucking his thumb and waving.jpg, Fetus at 17 weeks Image:3dultrasound 20 weeks.jpg, Fetus at 20 weeks First trimester Routine tests in the first trimester of pregnancy generally include: * Complete blood count * Blood type ** Rh-negative antenatal patients should receive RhoGAM at 28 weeks to prevent Rh disease. * Indirect Coombs test (AGT) to assess risk of hemolytic dis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
