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1648 In Sweden
Events from the year 1648 in Sweden Incumbents * Monarch – Christina Events * 17 May - Battle of Zusmarshausen * 16 July–19 July – The Battle of Prague takes place in the Thirty Years' War. The west bank of Prague (including Prague Castle) is occupied and looted by Swedish armies. * October 24 – Signing of the Treaties of Münster and Osnabrück conclude the Peace of Westphalia, ending the Thirty Years' War. Rulers of the Imperial States have powers to decide their state religion, Protestant, Catholic or Calvinist, with the minorities of each of those faiths granted toleration of worship, and there is general recognition of exclusive sovereignty, including that of the Dutch Republic and Switzerland. France and Sweden gain territory, and the latter is granted an indemnity. However, France remains at war with Spain until 1659. * - Johan Adler Salvius appointed riksråd by the Queen despite the opposition of the Oxenstierna party. * - Queen Dowager Maria El ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sebastian Dattler, Medaglia Di Cristina Di Svezia E La Pace Di Westfalia, 1648
Sebastian may refer to: People * Sebastian (name), including a list of persons with the name Arts, entertainment, and media Films and television * ''Sebastian'' (1968 film), British spy film * ''Sebastian'' (1995 film), Swedish drama film * ''Sebastian'' (2017 film) * ''Belle and Sebastian'' (Japanese TV series), a 1981 anime series based on the 1965 novel * '' Sebastian Star Bear: First Mission'', a Dutch animated film released in 1991 * ''Sebastiane'' (1976 film), 1976 Derek Jarman film in Latin about the saint Literature * ''Sebastian'' (Bishop novel), the first novel of the ''Landscapes of Ephemera'' duology written by Anne Bishop * ''Sebastian'' (Durrell novel), the fourth volume in ''The Avignon Quintet'' series by Lawrence Durrell * ''Belle et Sébastien'', a 1965 novel and live action TV series written by Cécile Aubry * "Sebastian, or, Virtue Rewarded", the name of an unpublished poem written around 1815 by the 9-year-old Elizabeth Barrett, later famous as El ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Imperial State
An Imperial State or Imperial Estate ( la, Status Imperii; german: Reichsstand, plural: ') was a part of the Holy Roman Empire with representation and the right to vote in the Imperial Diet ('). Rulers of these Estates were able to exercise significant rights and privileges and were " immediate", meaning that the only authority above them was the Holy Roman Emperor. They were thus able to rule their territories with a considerable degree of autonomy. The system of imperial states replaced the more regular division of Germany into stem duchies in the early medieval period. The old Carolingian stem duchies were retained as the major divisions of Germany under the Salian dynasty, but they became increasingly obsolete during the early high medieval period under the Hohenstaufen, and they were finally abolished in 1180 by Frederick Barbarossa in favour of more numerous territorial divisions. From 1489, the imperial Estates represented in the Diet were divided into three chambers ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1648 In Sweden
Events from the year 1648 in Sweden Incumbents * Monarch – Christina Events * 17 May - Battle of Zusmarshausen * 16 July–19 July – The Battle of Prague takes place in the Thirty Years' War. The west bank of Prague (including Prague Castle) is occupied and looted by Swedish armies. * October 24 – Signing of the Treaties of Münster and Osnabrück conclude the Peace of Westphalia, ending the Thirty Years' War. Rulers of the Imperial States have powers to decide their state religion, Protestant, Catholic or Calvinist, with the minorities of each of those faiths granted toleration of worship, and there is general recognition of exclusive sovereignty, including that of the Dutch Republic and Switzerland. France and Sweden gain territory, and the latter is granted an indemnity. However, France remains at war with Spain until 1659. * - Johan Adler Salvius appointed riksråd by the Queen despite the opposition of the Oxenstierna party. * - Queen Dowager Maria El ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Emerentia Pauli
Emerentia Påvelsdotter Krakow née ''Pauli'' (died 1648), was a Swedish heroine, known as the defender of the Gullberg Fortress against the Danish at Gothenburg during the Swedish-Danish Kalmar War in 1612. Life Emerentia was married to the commendant of Gullberg Fortress, Mårten Krakow, in 1604 and had six children. In 1612, the fortress was attacked by Denmark during the Kalmar War. After having been wounded, Mårten Krakow left the defence of the fortress to his wife. At the Danish attack 27 January 1612, she successfully repelled five attacks during a period of six hours : by the help of the soldier's wives, she, among other things, loaded and fired the cannons. By her acts, the Danes were defeated. Her husband was promoted to governor of Vaxholm in 1612, and when he was retired in 1613, it was pointed out, that he was given his pension in recognition of his ''and'' his wives bravery in their defense of the country. She became a widow in 1616, and is said to have managed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1736 In Sweden
Events from the year 1736 in Sweden Incumbents * Monarch – Frederick I Events * January 23 – The Civil Code of 1734 is passed, thereby replacing the ''Kristofers landslag'' and the ''Stadslagen'', giving the country and the cities the same law and Sweden its first national civil code.Nationalencyklopedin (NE) * 2 May - A scientific expedition consisting of Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis, Alexis Claude Clairault, Pierre Charles Lemonnier, Charles Étienne Louis Camus and Anders Celsius, departs from Dunkerque and travels to Tornedalen: they arrive in Stockholm on 21 May and depart for Lappland on 6 June. * * * * * * * Births * 9 August - Clas Alströmer, naturalist (died 1794) * 20 December - Charlotta Cedercreutz, painter (died 1815) * 21 July - Ulla Adlerfelt, painter (died 1765) * 19 August - Erland Samuel Bring, mathematician (died 1798) * - Hedvig Löfwenskiöld, poet (died 1789) Deaths * * * * * 2 April - Brigitta Scherzenfeldt, memoiris ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Martin Mijtens The Elder
Peter Martin Mijtens the Elder, also spelled Meytens or Mytens (1648- 1736) was a Dutch-Swedish painter. Trained in the Netherlands, he worked principally in Sweden. Biography He was born at The Hague in the Netherlands into a family of artists. His father was Isaac Mijtens (1602-1666), the son of an art dealer and saddler from Brussels. His father and his son Martin van Meytens, known as "The Younger" were both painters. His uncle Daniël Mijtens, and his cousins Daniel Mijtens the Younger and Johannes Mytens were painters as well. He went to Stockholm with his older brother Dietrich Mijtens (d. 1679) where his portraits were well received. In 1681, he decided to stay and shortly after was married to Johanna de Bruyn. Martin Mijtens d. ä. adelsvapen.com His earliest works were very simple compared with nobleman |
Maria Eleonora Of Brandenburg
Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg (11 November 1599 – 28 March 1655) was a German princess and Queen of Sweden as the consort of King Gustav II Adolph (''Gustavus Adolphus''). She was a daughter of John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg, and Anna, Duchess of Prussia, daughter of Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia. In 1620, Maria Eleonora married Gustavus Adolphus with her mother's consent, but against the will of her brother George William, Elector of Brandenburg, who had just succeeded her father. She bore her husband a daughter, Christina in 1626. Engagement In 1616, the 22-year-old Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden started looking for a Protestant bride. He had since 1613 tried to get his mother's permission to marry the noblewoman Ebba Brahe, but this was not allowed, and he had to give up his wishes to marry her, though he continued to be in love with her. He received reports with the most flattering descriptions of the physical and mental qualities of the beautiful 17-year-old pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Johan Adler Salvius
Johan Adler Salvius (born in 1590 in Strängnäs; died on 24 August 1652 in Stockholm) was a Swedish baron of Örneholm, chancellor, confidant and representative of the Christina, Queen of Sweden at the peace negotiations at Osnabrück and responsible for the Peace of Westphalia. Salvius was, next to Axel Oxenstierna, one of Sweden's most capable and influential diplomats of his time and correspondent of Hugo Grotius. Life Salvius was the son of a civil servant. In 1612 he started his studies in Uppsala, but also visited the Protestant universities of Rostock and Helmstedt where he studied philosophy. Then he moved to Marburg where he studied medicine, and to Montpellier where he received a degree in law. In 1619 he was involved in the transition of Göteborg into a free port. Salvius was appointed baron and in diplomatic service since 1624. He became involved in the military campaigns of Gustavus Adolphus. In 1629, he attended the peace negotiations in Lübeck and wrote ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1659
Events January–March * January 14 – In the Battle of the Lines of Elvas, fought near the small city of Elvas in Portugal during the Portuguese Restoration War, the Spanish Army under the command of Luis Méndez de Haro suffers heavy casualties, with over 11,000 of its nearly 16,000 soldiers killed, wounded or taken prisoner; the smaller Portuguese force of 10,500 troops, commanded by André de Albuquerque Ribafria (who is killed in the battle) suffers less than 900 casualties. * January 24 – Pierre Corneille's ''Oedipe'' premieres in Paris. * January 27 – The third and final session of the Parliament of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland is opened by Lord Protector Richard Cromwell, with Chaloner Chute as the Speaker of the House of Commons, with 567 members. "Cromwell's Other House", which replaced the House of Lords during the last years of the Protectorate, opens on the same day, with Richard Cromwell as its speaker. * January ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indemnity
In contract law, an indemnity is a contractual obligation of one party (the ''indemnitor'') to compensate the loss incurred by another party (the ''indemnitee'') due to the relevant acts of the indemnitor or any other party. The duty to indemnify is usually, but not always, coextensive with the contractual duty to "hold harmless" or "save harmless". In contrast, a "guarantee" is an obligation of one party (the ''guarantor'') to another party to perform the promise of a relevant other party if that other party defaults. Indemnities form the basis of many insurance contracts; for example, a car owner may purchase different kinds of insurance as an indemnity for various kinds of loss arising from operation of the car, such as damage to the car itself, or medical expenses following an accident. In an agency context, a principal may be obligated to indemnify their agent for liabilities incurred while carrying out responsibilities under the relationship. While the events giving ris ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dutch Republic
The United Provinces of the Netherlands, also known as the (Seven) United Provinces, officially as the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (Dutch: ''Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden''), and commonly referred to in historiography as the Dutch Republic, was a federal republic that existed from 1579, during the Dutch Revolt, to 1795 (the Batavian Revolution). It was a predecessor state of the Netherlands and the first fully independent Dutch nation state. The republic was established after seven Dutch provinces in the Spanish Netherlands revolted against rule by Spain. The provinces formed a mutual alliance against Spain in 1579 (the Union of Utrecht) and declared their independence in 1581 (the Act of Abjuration). It comprised Groningen, Frisia, Overijssel, Guelders, Utrecht, Holland and Zeeland. Although the state was small and contained only around 1.5 million inhabitants, it controlled a worldwide network of seafaring trade routes. Through its tradin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Calvinism
Calvinism (also called the Reformed Tradition, Reformed Protestantism, Reformed Christianity, or simply Reformed) is a major branch of Protestantism that follows the theological tradition and forms of Christian practice set down by John Calvin and other Reformation-era theologians. It emphasizes the sovereignty of God and the authority of the Bible. Calvinists broke from the Roman Catholic Church in the 16th century. Calvinists differ from Lutherans (another major branch of the Reformation) on the spiritual real presence of Christ in the Lord's Supper, theories of worship, the purpose and meaning of baptism, and the use of God's law for believers, among other points. The label ''Calvinism'' can be misleading, because the religious tradition it denotes has always been diverse, with a wide range of influences rather than a single founder; however, almost all of them drew heavily from the writings of Augustine of Hippo twelve hundred years prior to the Reformation. The na ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
