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1640 In Science
The year 1640 in science and technology involved some significant events. Botany * John Parkinson publishes ''Theatrum Botanicum:The Theater of Plants, or, An Herbal of a Large Extent''. Mathematics * The 16-year-old Blaise Pascal demonstrates the properties of the ''hexagrammum mysticum'' in his ''Essai pour les coniques'' which he sends to Mersenne. * October 18 – Fermat states his " little theorem" in a letter to Frénicle de Bessy: if ''p'' is a prime number, then for any integer ''a'', ''a'' ''p'' − ''a'' will be divisible by ''p''. * December 25 – Fermat claims a proof of the theorem on sums of two squares in a letter to Mersenne ("Fermat's Christmas Theorem"): an odd prime ''p'' is expressible as the sum of two squares. Technology * The micrometer is developed. * A form of bayonet is invented; in later years it will gradually replace the pike. * The reticle telescope is developed and initiates the birth of sharpshooting. Births * April 1 – Ge ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pike (weapon)
A pike is a very long thrusting spear formerly used in European warfare from the Late Middle Ages and most of the Early Modern Period, and were wielded by foot soldiers deployed in pike square formation, until it was largely replaced by bayonet-equipped muskets. The pike was particularly well-known as the primary weapon of Swiss mercenary and German Landsknecht units. A similar weapon, the sarissa, had been used in antiquity by Alexander the Great's Macedonian phalanx infantry. Design The pike was a long weapon, varying considerably in size, from long. Generally, a spear becomes a pike when it is too long to be wielded with one hand in combat. It was approximately in weight, with the 16th century military writer Sir John Smythe recommending lighter rather than heavier pikes. It had a wooden shaft with an iron or steel spearhead affixed. The shaft near the head was often reinforced with metal strips called "cheeks" or langets. When the troops of opposing armies both c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1693 In Science
The year 1693 in science and technology involved some significant events. Actuarial science * Edmond Halley publishes an article in ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society'' on life annuities featuring a life table constructed on the basis of statistics from Breslau provided by Caspar Neumann. Botany * Publication of Charles Plumier's first work, ''Description des plantes de l'Amérique'', in Paris, principally devoted to ferns. Mathematics * Bernard Frénicle de Bessy's , a treatise on magic squares, is published posthumously, describing all 880 essentially different normal magic squares of order 4. Physiology and medicine * Flemish anatomist Philip Verheyen, in his widely used text ''Corporis Humani Anatomia'', is the first to record the name of the Achilles tendon. Births * March – James Bradley, Astronomer Royal (died 1762) Deaths * February 18 – Elias Tillandz, Swedish physician and botanist in Finland (born 1640) * October 4 – Sir Thomas Clayton, Engli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Elias Tillandz
Elias Tillandz (1640–1693; born Tillander) was a Swedish-born doctor and botanist who worked in Finland. He was the professor of medicine at the Academy of Turku. He wrote the country's first botanical work, the '' Catalogus Plantarum'', which was first published in 1673. As a doctor he also prepared medicines for his patients by using his extensive knowledge of plants. According to legend, Tillandz (''Till lands'' means ''by land'' in Swedish) changed his name from Tillander to Tillandz when, as a student, he travelled by boat from Turku to Stockholm. On the way, he became so seasick that he returned by walking around the Gulf of Bothnia, a distance of some 1000 kilometers. A genus of epiphytic plants, ''Tillandsia'', was named after Tillandz by Carl Linnaeus. This botanist is denoted by the author abbreviation when citing a botanical name A botanical name is a formal scientific name conforming to the '' International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants'' ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1696 In Science
The year 1696 in science and technology involved some significant events. History of science * Daniel Le Clerc publishes ''Histoire de la médecine'' in Geneva, the first comprehensive work on the subject. Mathematics * Guillaume de l'Hôpital publishes '' Analyse des Infiniment Petits pour l'Intelligence des Lignes Courbes'', the first textbook on differential calculus, including a statement of his rule for the computation of certain limits. * Jakob Bernoulli and Johann Bernoulli solve the brachistochrone curve problem, the first result in the calculus of variations. Births * ''unknown date'' – Christine Kirch, German astronomer (d. 1782) Deaths * April 30 – Robert Plot, English naturalist and chemist (born 1640) * Jean Richer, French astronomer (born 1630 Events January–March * January 2 – A shoemaker in Turin is found to have the first case of bubonic plague there as the plague of 1630 begins spreading through Italy. * January 5 &ndas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chemist
A chemist (from Greek ''chēm(ía)'' alchemy; replacing ''chymist'' from Medieval Latin ''alchemist'') is a scientist trained in the study of chemistry. Chemists study the composition of matter and its properties. Chemists carefully describe the properties they study in terms of quantities, with detail on the level of molecules and their component atoms. Chemists carefully measure substance proportions, chemical reaction rates, and other chemical properties. In Commonwealth English, pharmacists are often called chemists. Chemists use their knowledge to learn the composition and properties of unfamiliar substances, as well as to reproduce and synthesize large quantities of useful naturally occurring substances and create new artificial substances and useful processes. Chemists may specialize in any number of subdisciplines of chemistry. Materials scientists and metallurgists share much of the same education and skills with chemists. The work of chemists is often related to the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
English People
The English people are an ethnic group and nation native to England, who speak the English language in England, English language, a West Germanic languages, West Germanic language, and share a common history and culture. The English identity is of History of Anglo-Saxon England, Anglo-Saxon origin, when they were known in Old English as the ('race or tribe of the Angles'). Their ethnonym is derived from the Angles, one of the Germanic peoples who migrated to Great Britain around the 5th century AD. The English largely descend from two main historical population groups the West Germanic tribes (the Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Frisians) who settled in southern Britain following the withdrawal of the Ancient Rome, Romans, and the Romano-British culture, partially Romanised Celtic Britons already living there.Martiniano, R., Caffell, A., Holst, M. et al. Genomic signals of migration and continuity in Britain before the Anglo-Saxons. Nat Commun 7, 10326 (2016). https://doi.org/10 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Robert Plot
Robert Plot (13 December 1640 – 30 April 1696) was an English naturalist, first Professor of Chemistry at the University of Oxford, and the first keeper of the Ashmolean Museum. Early life and education Born in Borden, Kent to parents Robert Plot and Elisabeth Patenden, and baptised on 13 December 1640, Plot was educated at the Wye Free School in Kent. He entered Magdalen Hall, Oxford in 1658 where he graduated with a BA in 1661 and an MA in 1664. Plot subsequently taught and served as dean and vice principal at Magdalen Hall while preparing for his BCL and DCL, which he received in 1671 before moving to University College in 1676.A. J. Turner, 'Plot, Robert (bap. 1640, d. 1696)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 200accessed 4 June 2013/ref>Plot, Robert." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 11. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 40–41. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 4 June 2013. Natural history and chemistry By ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1697 In Science
{{Science year nav, 1697 The year 1697 in science and technology involved some significant events. Technology * August – Peter the Great, Tsar of Russia, studies shipbuilding and other technologies in Holland as part of his incognito Grand Embassy to western Europe. Organizations * January – Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle becomes perpetual secretary of the French Academy of Sciences, in succession to Jean-Baptiste du Hamel. Publications * First known publication of English physician Richard Boulton, ''A Treatise of the Reason of Muscular Motion''. * William Dampier publishes ''A New Voyage Round the World'' in London. Births * February 24 – Bernhard Siegfried Weiss, later known as Albinus, German-born Dutch anatomist (died 1770) * February 5 – William Smellie, Scottish obstetrician (died 1763) * September 23 – Andrew Plummer, Scottish physician and chemist (died 1756) Deaths * January 26 – Georg Mohr, Danish mathematician (born 1640) * March 1 – Francesc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mathematician
A mathematician is someone who uses an extensive knowledge of mathematics in their work, typically to solve mathematical problems. Mathematicians are concerned with numbers, data, quantity, structure, space, models, and change. History One of the earliest known mathematicians were Thales of Miletus (c. 624–c.546 BC); he has been hailed as the first true mathematician and the first known individual to whom a mathematical discovery has been attributed. He is credited with the first use of deductive reasoning applied to geometry, by deriving four corollaries to Thales' Theorem. The number of known mathematicians grew when Pythagoras of Samos (c. 582–c. 507 BC) established the Pythagorean School, whose doctrine it was that mathematics ruled the universe and whose motto was "All is number". It was the Pythagoreans who coined the term "mathematics", and with whom the study of mathematics for its own sake begins. The first woman mathematician recorded by history was Hypati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Danish People
Danes ( da, danskere, ) are a North Germanic ethnic group and nationality native to Denmark and a modern nation identified with the country of Denmark. This connection may be ancestral, legal, historical, or cultural. Danes generally regard themselves as a nationality and reserve the word "ethnic" for the description of recent immigrants, sometimes referred to as "new Danes". The contemporary Danish national identity is based on the idea of "Danishness", which is founded on principles formed through historical cultural connections and is typically not based on racial heritage. History Early history Denmark has been inhabited by various Germanic peoples since ancient times, including the Angles, Cimbri, Jutes, Herules, Teutones and others. The first mentions of " Danes" are recorded in the mid-6th century by historians Procopius ( el, δάνοι) and Jordanes (''danī''), who both refer to a tribe related to the Suetidi inhabiting the peninsula of Jutland, the province of Sc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
