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1612 In Science
The year 1612 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy * The first description of the Andromeda Galaxy based on observations by telescope is given by Simon Marius. * December 28 – Galileo Galilei, Galileo observes the planet Neptune for the first time when it is in astronomical conjunction, conjunction with Jupiter, but mistakenly catalogues it as a fixed star because of its extremely slow motion along the ecliptic, and it will not be properly identified until 1846 in science, 1846. Medicine * Santorio Sanctorius puts the thermometer to medical use. Births * ''approx. date'' – William Gascoigne (scientist), William Gascoigne, English inventor (died 1644 in science, 1644) Deaths * February – John Gerard, English herbalist (born c. 1545 in science, 1545) * February 6 – Christopher Clavius, German mathematician and astronomer (born 1537 in science, 1537) * February 12 – Jodocus Hondius, Flemish people, Flemish cartographer (born 1563 in s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Observing Sun
Observation is the active acquisition of information from a primary source. In living beings, observation employs the senses. In science, observation can also involve the perception and recording of data via the use of scientific instruments. The term may also refer to any data collected during the scientific activity. Observations can be qualitative, that is, only the absence or presence of a property is noted, or quantitative if a numerical value is attached to the observed phenomenon by counting or measuring. Science The scientific method requires observations of natural phenomena to formulate and test hypotheses. It consists of the following steps: # Ask a question about a natural phenomenon # Make observations of the phenomenon # Formulate a hypothesis that tentatively answers the question # Predict logical, observable consequences of the hypothesis that have not yet been investigated # Test the hypothesis' predictions by an experiment, observational study, field study, or si ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
William Gascoigne (scientist)
William Gascoigne (1612 – 2 July 1644) was an English astronomer, mathematician and maker of scientific instruments from Middleton, Leeds who invented the micrometer and the telescopic sight. He was one of a group of astronomers in the north of England who followed the astronomy of Johannes Kepler, which included Jeremiah Horrocks and William Crabtree. Life and work Gascoigne was born in Middleton, Leeds in 1612, the son of a minor country gentleman. His father was Henry Gascoigne, Esq., of Thorpe-on-the-Hill in the parish of Rothwell, near Leeds, Yorkshire. His mother was Margaret Jane, daughter of William Cartwright. Little is known of his early life. He claimed he was educated at the University of Oxford, although no record of this has been found. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1561 In Science
The year 1561 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here. Cartography and navigation * Bartolomeu Velho produces a '' Carta General do Orbe'' for Sebastian of Portugal. * Richard Eden translates Martín Cortés de Albacar's ''Arte de navigar'' as ''The Arte of Navigation'' which becomes the first manual of navigation in English. Medicine and physiology * Gabriele Falloppio publishes ''Observationes anatomicae'' in Venice, the only work of his printed during his lifetime. * Ambroise Paré publishes ''Anatomie universelle du corps humain'' and ''La méthode curative des playes et fractures de la test humaine'' in Paris. * Smallpox epidemic in Chile. Births * January 6 – Thomas Fincke, Danish mathematician (died 1656) * January 22 – Francis Bacon, English philosopher of science (died 1626) * March 29 – Sanctorius, Istrian physiologist (died 1636) * August 4 – John Harington, English inventor (died 1612) * August 24 – Bartholomaeu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John Harington (writer)
Sir John Harington (4 August 1561 – 20 November 1612), of Kelston, Somerset, England, but baptised in London, was an English courtier, author and translator popularly known as the inventor of the flush toilet. He became prominent at Queen Elizabeth I's court, and was known as her "saucy Godson", but his poetry and other writings caused him to fall in and out of favour with the Queen. The description of a flush-toilet forerunner installed in his Kelston house appears in ''A New Discourse of a Stale Subject, called the Metamorphosis of Ajax'' (1596), a political allegory and coded attack on the monarchy, which is nowadays his best-known work. Early life and family Harington was born in Kelston, Somerset, England, the son of John Harington of Kelston, a poet, and his second wife Isabella Markham, a gentlewoman of Queen Elizabeth I's privy chamber. He was honoured as a godson of the childless Elizabeth, one of 102. He was educated at Eton and King's College, Cambridge. Haringt ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1563 In Science
The year 1563 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here. Medicine and physiology * June–October – Outbreak of bubonic plague in London kills over 20,000. * Bartolomeo Eustachi publishes ''De Renibus'' (including his discovery of the adrenal glands) and ''Libellus De Dentibus'' (in Venice), a pioneering text on dentition. * Garcia de Orta publishes ''Colóquios dos simples e drogas da India'' in Goa, the first text in a Western language on tropical medicine and drugs, including a classic description of cholera. * Felix Würtz publishes his critical treatise on surgery, ''Praktika der Wundartzney'', in Basel. Publications * ''prob. date'' – Bernardino Telesio – ''De Rerum Natura Iuxta Propria Principia''. Births * October 14 – Jodocus Hondius, Flemish cartographer (died 1612) * Louise Bourgeois Boursier, French Royal midwife (died 1638) * Yi Su-gwang, Korean scholar-bureaucrat (died 1628) * Walter Warner, English scientist (die ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cartographer
Cartography (; from grc, χάρτης , "papyrus, sheet of paper, map"; and , "write") is the study and practice of making and using maps. Combining science, aesthetics and technique, cartography builds on the premise that reality (or an imagined reality) can be modeled in ways that communicate spatial information effectively. The fundamental objectives of traditional cartography are to: * Set the map's agenda and select traits of the object to be mapped. This is the concern of map editing. Traits may be physical, such as roads or land masses, or may be abstract, such as Toponomy, toponyms or political boundaries. * Represent the terrain of the mapped object on flat media. This is the concern of map projections. * Eliminate characteristics of the mapped object that are not relevant to the map's purpose. This is the concern of Cartographic generalization, generalization. * Reduce the complexity of the characteristics that will be mapped. This is also the concern of generaliza ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flemish People
The Flemish or Flemings ( nl, Vlamingen ) are a Germanic ethnic group native to Flanders, Belgium, who speak Dutch. Flemish people make up the majority of Belgians, at about 60%. "''Flemish''" was historically a geographical term, as all inhabitants of the medieval County of Flanders in modern-day Belgium, France, and the Netherlands were referred to as "Flemings", irrespective of their ethnicity or language. The contemporary region of Flanders comprises a part of this historical county, as well as parts of the medieval duchy of Brabant and the medieval county of Loon, where the modern national identity and culture gradually formed. History The sense of "Flemish" identity increased significantly after the Belgian Revolution. Prior to this, the term "Vlamingen" in the Dutch language was in first place used for the inhabitants of the former County of Flanders. Flemish, however, had been used since the 14th century to refer to the language and dialects of both the peoples of Fl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jodocus Hondius
Jodocus Hondius (Latinized version of his Dutch language, Dutch name: ''Joost de Hondt'') (17 October 1563 – 12 February 1612) was a Flemish people, Flemish and Dutch engraving, engraver and cartographer. He is sometimes called Jodocus Hondius the Elder to distinguish him from his son Jodocus Hondius II. Hondius is best known for his early maps of the New World and Europe, for re-establishing the reputation of the work of Gerardus Mercator, Gerard Mercator, and for his portraits of Francis Drake. He inherited and republished the plates of Mercator, thus reviving his legacy, also making sure to include independent revisions to his work. One of the notable figures in the Golden Age of Netherlandish cartography, Golden Age of Dutch cartography (c. 1570s–1670s), he helped establish Amsterdam as the center of cartography in Europe in Dutch Golden Age, the 17th century. Biography Hondius was born in Wakken and grew up in Ghent. In his early years he established himself as an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1537 In Science
The year 1537 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here. Mathematics * Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia publishes ''La Nova Scientia'' in Venice, applying mathematics to the study of ballistics. * Pedro Nunes publishes several treatises on navigation: ''Tratado em defensam da carta de marear'', ''Tratado sobre certas dúvidas da navegação'' (including discussion of a rhumb line course) and ''Tratado da sphera com a Theorica do Sol e da Lua''. * The first known complete English language arithmetic book, ''An Introduction for to Lerne to Recken with the Pen and with the Counters after the True Cast of Arsmetyke or Awgrym'', an anonymous translation of Luca Pacioli's '' Summa de arithmetica, geometria, proportioni et proportionalità'' (Venice, 1494), is published at St Albans St Albans () is a cathedral city in Hertfordshire, England, east of Hemel Hempstead and west of Hatfield, Hertfordshire, Hatfield, north-west of London, south-west of We ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Astronomer
An astronomer is a scientist in the field of astronomy who focuses their studies on a specific question or field outside the scope of Earth. They observe astronomical objects such as stars, planets, natural satellite, moons, comets and galaxy, galaxies – in either observational astronomy, observational (by analyzing the data) or theoretical astronomy. Examples of topics or fields astronomers study include planetary science, Sun, solar astronomy, the Star formation, origin or stellar evolution, evolution of stars, or the galaxy formation and evolution, formation of galaxies. A related but distinct subject is physical cosmology, which studies the Universe as a whole. Types Astronomers usually fall under either of two main types: observational astronomy, observational and theoretical astronomy, theoretical. Observational astronomers make direct observations of Astronomical object, celestial objects and analyze the data. In contrast, theoretical astronomers create and investigate C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mathematician
A mathematician is someone who uses an extensive knowledge of mathematics in their work, typically to solve mathematical problems. Mathematicians are concerned with numbers, data, quantity, structure, space, models, and change. History One of the earliest known mathematicians were Thales of Miletus (c. 624–c.546 BC); he has been hailed as the first true mathematician and the first known individual to whom a mathematical discovery has been attributed. He is credited with the first use of deductive reasoning applied to geometry, by deriving four corollaries to Thales' Theorem. The number of known mathematicians grew when Pythagoras of Samos (c. 582–c. 507 BC) established the Pythagorean School, whose doctrine it was that mathematics ruled the universe and whose motto was "All is number". It was the Pythagoreans who coined the term "mathematics", and with whom the study of mathematics for its own sake begins. The first woman mathematician recorded by history was Hypati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Christopher Clavius
Christopher Clavius, SJ (25 March 1538 – 6 February 1612) was a Jesuit German mathematician, head of mathematicians at the Collegio Romano, and astronomer who was a member of the Vatican commission that accepted the proposed calendar invented by Aloysius Lilius, that is known as the Gregorian calendar. Clavius would later write defences and an explanation of the reformed calendar, including an emphatic acknowledgement of Lilius' work. In his last years he was probably the most respected astronomer in Europe and his textbooks were used for astronomical education for over fifty years in and even out of Europe. Early life Little is known about Clavius' early life other than the fact that he was born in Bamberg in either 1538 or 1537. His given name is not known to any great degree of certainty—it is thought by scholars to have perhaps been ''Christoph Clau'' or ''Klau''. There are also some who think that his taken name, ''Clavius'', may be a Latinization of his original Ge ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
