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Chukchi Language
Chukchi ( ), also known as Chukot, is a Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages, Chukotko–Kamchatkan language spoken by the Chukchi people in the easternmost extremity of Siberia, mainly in Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. The language is closely related to Koryak language, Koryak. Chukchi, Koryak, Kerek language, Kerek, Alutor language, Alutor, and Itelmen language, Itelmen form the Chukotko-Kamchatkan Language families and languages, language family. There are many cultural similarities between the Chukchis and Koryaks, including economies based on reindeer herding. Both peoples refer to themselves by the endonym ''Luorawetlat'' (ԓыгъоравэтԓьат ; singular ''Luorawetlan'' ԓыгъоравэтԓьан ), meaning "the real people". All of these peoples and other unrelated minorities in and around Kamchatka are known collectively as Kamchadals. ''Chukchi'' and ''Chukchee'' are anglicisation, anglicized versions of the Russian exonym ''Chukcha'' (plural ''Chukchi''). This came into ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Selkup Language
Selkup is the group of languages of the Selkups, belonging to the Samoyedic group of the Uralic language family. It is spoken by some 1,570 people (1994 est.) in the region between the Ob and Yenisei Rivers (in Siberia). The language name ''Selkup'' comes from the Russian , based on the native name used in the Taz dialect, ( ). Different dialects use different native names. Dialects Selkup is fractured in an extensive dialect continuum whose ends are no longer mutually intelligible. The three main varieties are the Taz (Northern) dialect (, ), which became the basis of the Selkup written language in the 1930s, Tym (Central) dialect (, ), and Ket dialect (, ). It is not related to the Ket language. Some have proposed to split Selkup into two different languages, termed Northern Selkup and Southern Selkup. According to the Endangered Languages Project The Endangered Languages Project (ELP) is a worldwide collaboration between indigenous Language planning, language o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nivkh Language
Nivkh ( ; occasionally also Nivkhic; self-designation: Нивхгу диф, ''Nivhgu dif'', ), Gilyak ( ), or Amuric, is a small language family, often portrayed as a language isolate, of two or three mutually unintelligible languages spoken by the Nivkh people in Outer Manchuria, in the basin of the Amgun (a tributary of the Amur), along the lower reaches of the Amur itself, and on the northern half of Sakhalin. "Gilyak" is the Russian rendering of terms derived from the Tungusic "Gileke" and Manchu-Chinese "Gilemi" (Gilimi, Gilyami) for culturally similar peoples of the Amur River region, and was applied principally to the Nivkh in Western literature. The population of ethnic Nivkhs has been reasonably stable over the past century, with 4,549 Nivkhs counted in 1897 and 4,673 in 1989. However, the number of native speakers of the Nivkh language among these dropped from 100% to 23.3% in the same period, so by the 1989 census there were only 1,079 first-language speakers left. Tha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ket Language
The Ket ( ) language, or more specifically Imbak and formerly known as Yenisei Ostyak ( ), is a Siberian language long thought to be an isolate, the sole surviving language of a Yeniseian language family. It is spoken along the middle Yenisei basin by the Ket people. The language is threatened with extinction—the number of ethnic Kets that are native speakers of the language dropped from 1,225 in 1926 to 537 in 1989. According to the UNESCO census, this number has since fallen to 150. A 2005 census reported 485 native speakers, but this number is suspected to be inflated. According to a local news source, the number of remaining Ket speakers is around 10 to 20. Another Yeniseian language, Yugh, has recently become extinct. History Documentation The earliest observations about the language were published by Peter Simon Pallas in 1788 in a travel diary (, ). Matthias Castrén was one of the last known to study the Kott language. Castrén lived beside the Kan river ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Itelmen Language
Itelmen () or Western Itelmen, formerly known as Western Kamchadal, is a language of the Chukotko-Kamchatkan family spoken on the western coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula. Fewer than a hundred native speakers, mostly elderly, in a few settlements in the southwest of Koryak Autonomous Okrug, remained in 1993. The 2021 Census counted 2,596 ethnic Itelmens, virtually all of whom are now monolingual in Russian. However, there are attempts to revive the language, and it is being taught in a number of schools in the region. (Western) Itelmen is the only surviving Kamchatkan language. It has two dialects, the Southern dialect of Khayryuzovo and the Northern dialect of Sedanka. Classification There are two points of view about where Itelmen belongs genetically. According to the first theory, Itelmen and Chukotkan descend from a common proto-language; the sharp differences of Itelmen, noticed at all levels, are explained by the intense influence of other languages. It is sug ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abkhaz Alphabet
The Abkhaz alphabet is a Cyrillic alphabet used for the Abkhaz language. Abkhaz did not become a written language until the 19th century. Up until then, Abkhazians, especially princes, had been using Greek (up to c. 9th century), Georgian (9–19th centuries), and partially Turkish (18th century) languages. The Abkhaz word for alphabet is анбан (anban), which was borrowed from Georgian ანბანი (anbani). History The first Abkhaz alphabet was created in 1862 by Peter von Uslar. It had 55 letters and was based on the Cyrillic script. Another version, having 51 letters, was used in 1892 by Dimitry Gulia and K. Machavariani. In 1909, the alphabet was again expanded to 55 letters by Andria Tchotchua to adjust to the extensive consonantal inventory of Abkhaz. In 1926, during the ''korenizatsiya'' policy in the Soviet Union, the Cyrillic alphabet was replaced by a Latin alphabet devised by Nikolay Marr. It featured 76 letters and was called the "Abkhaz ana ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aleut Ka
Aleut ( ) or is the language spoken by the Aleut living in the Aleutian Islands, Pribilof Islands, Commander Islands, and the Alaska Peninsula (in Aleut , the origin of the state name Alaska). Aleut is the sole language in the Aleut branch of the Eskimo–Aleut language family. The Aleut language consists of three dialects, including (Eastern Aleut), / (Atka Aleut), and / (Western Aleut, now extinct). Various sources estimate there are fewer than 100 to 150 remaining active Aleut speakers. Because of this, Eastern and Atkan Aleut are classified as "critically endangered and extinct" and have an Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (EGIDS) rating of 7. The task of revitalizing Aleut has largely been left to local government and community organizations. The overwhelming majority of schools in the historically Aleut-speaking regions lack any language/culture courses in their curriculum, and those that do fail to produce fluent or even proficient speakers. Histor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aleut Language
Aleut ( ) or is the language spoken by the Aleut living in the Aleutian Islands, Pribilof Islands, Commander Islands, and the Alaska Peninsula (in Aleut , the origin of the state name Alaska). Aleut is the sole language in the Aleut branch of the Eskimo–Aleut languages, Eskimo–Aleut language family. The Aleut language consists of three dialects, including (Eastern Aleut), / (Atka Aleut), and / (Western Aleut, now extinct). Various sources estimate there are fewer than 100 to 150 remaining active Aleut speakers. Because of this, Eastern and Atkan Aleut are classified as "critically endangered and extinct" and have an Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (EGIDS) rating of 7. The task of revitalizing Aleut has largely been left to local government and community organizations. The overwhelming majority of schools in the historically Aleut-speaking regions lack any language/culture courses in their curriculum, and those that do fail to produce fluent or even profi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hook (diacritic)
In typesetting, the hook or tail is a diacritic mark attached to letters in many alphabets. In shape it looks like a hook and it can be attached below as a descender, on top as an ascender (typography), ascender and sometimes to the side. The orientation of the hook can change its meaning: when it is below and curls to the left it can be interpreted as a palatal hook, and when it curls to the right is called hook tail or tail and can be interpreted as a retroflex consonant, retroflex hook. It should not be mistaken with the hook above, a diacritical mark used in Vietnamese, or the R-colored vowel, rhotic hook, used in the International Phonetic Alphabet. Letter ⟨Z⟩ with tophook - became letter ⟨⟩. Letter ⟨X⟩ with two high hooks - became letter ⟨⟩. Letters with hook It could be argued that the hook was used to derive the letter ⟨J⟩ from the letter ⟨I⟩, or the letter Eng (letter), Eng ⟨ŋ⟩ from the letter ⟨N⟩. However, these letters are usually ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ka With Descender
Ka with descender (Қ қ; italics: ), is a letter of the Cyrillic script used in a number of non-Slavic languages spoken in the territory of the former Soviet Union, including: * the Turkic languages Kazakh, Uyghur, Uzbek and several smaller languages ( Karakalpak, Shor and Tofa), where it represents the voiceless uvular plosive . * Iranian languages such as Tajik and, before 1924, Ossetic (now superseded by the digraph ). Since is represented by the letter ق ''qāf'' in the Arabic alphabet, Қ is sometimes referred to as "Cyrillic Qaf". * Eastern varieties of the Khanty language, where it also represents . * the Abkhaz language, where it represents the aspirated voiceless velar plosive . (The Cyrillic letter Ka (К к) is used to represent .) It was introduced in 1905 for the spelling of Abkhaz. From 1928 to 1938, Abkhaz was spelled with the Latin alphabet, and the corresponding letter was the Latin letter K with descender (Ⱪ ⱪ). Its ISO 9 transliter ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Voiceless Uvular Plosive
The voiceless uvular plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. It is pronounced like a voiceless velar plosive , except that the tongue makes contact not on the soft palate but on the uvula. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is q. There is also the voiceless pre-uvular plosiveInstead of "pre-uvular", it can be called "advanced uvular", "fronted uvular", "post-velar", "retracted velar" or "backed velar". For simplicity, this article uses only the term "pre-uvular". in some languages, which is articulated slightly more front compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical uvular consonant, though not as front as the prototypical velar consonant. The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, though it can be transcribed as or (both symbols denote an advanced ) or ( retracted ). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bashkir Qa
Bashkir Qa or Bashkir Ka (Ҡ ҡ; italics: ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. It is formed from the Cyrillic letter Ka (К к) with the top extending horizontally to the left. It is used in the alphabet of the Bashkir language and (some forms of) Siberian Tatar. It represents the voiceless uvular plosive . It corresponds to, and is pronounced the same as, the letter Қ in Kazakh, Karakalpak, Uzbek, and (some forms of) Siberian Tatar. It is represented in the Arabic script for Bashkir as ق. Computing codes See also Other Cyrillic letters used to write the sound : *Қ қ : Cyrillic letter Ka with descender *Ӄ ӄ : Cyrillic letter Ka with hook *Ԟ ԟ : Cyrillic letter Aleut Ka *Ԛ ԛ : Cyrillic letter Qa *Cyrillic characters in Unicode As of Unicode version , Cyrillic script is encoded across several blocks: * CyrillicU+0400–U+04FF 256 characters * Cyrillic SupplementU+0500–U+052F 48 characters * Cyrillic Extended-AU+2DE0–U+2DFF 32 charact ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
