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α-PHiP
α-PHiP (also known as α-PiHP), is a stimulant drug of the cathinone class that has been sold online as a designer drug. It is a positional isomer of pyrovalerone, with the methyl group shifted from the 4-position of the aromatic ring to the 4-position of the acyl chain. In a classic 2006 study of pyrrolidinyl cathinone derivatives by Meltzer et al. at Organix, the alpha-isobutyl derivative of pyrovalerone, O-2494, was found to have the highest potency ''in vitro'' as an inhibitor of the dopamine transporter of the alpha substituted derivatives tested, however it was not until ten years later in July 2016 that α-PHiP was first identified as a designer drug, when it was reported to the EMCDDA by a forensic laboratory in Slovenia. See also * 3F-PiHP * Aletamine * α-PHP * α-PCYP * Solriamfetol Solriamfetol, sold under the brand name Sunosi, is a wakefulness-promoting medication used in the treatment of excessive sleepiness related to narcolepsy and sleep apnea. It is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
3F-PiHP
3F-PiHP (3F-α-PHiP) is a recreational designer drug from the substituted cathinone family, with stimulant effects. It was first identified in both Sweden and Finland in mid-2019, and was made illegal in Finland in August 2019. See also * 3-Fluoromethcathinone * 3F-NEH * 3F-PVP * 4F-PHP * α-PHiP * α-PCyP * Isohexylone Isohexylone is a recreational designer drug from the substituted cathinone family, with stimulant effects. It was first identified in the United Kingdom in June 2019. See also * Methylone * 5-Methylethylone * Butylone * Desmethylsibutramine * ... References Pyrrolidinophenones Designer drugs Serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agents Fluoroarenes {{pharm-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Substituted Cathinone
Substituted cathinones, which include some stimulants and entactogens, are derivatives of cathinone. They feature a phenethylamine core with an alkyl group attached to the alpha carbon, and a ketone group attached to the beta carbon, along with additional substitutions. Cathinone occurs naturally in the plant khat whose leaves are chewed as a recreational drug. List of substituted cathinones The derivatives may be produced by substitutions at four locations of the cathinone molecule: * R1 = hydrogen, or any combination of one or more alkyl, alkoxy, alkylenedioxy, haloalkyl or halide substituents * R2 = hydrogen or any alkyl group * R3 = hydrogen, any alkyl group, or incorporation in a cyclic structure * R4 = hydrogen, any alkyl group, or incorporation in a cyclic structure The following table displays notable derivatives that have been reported: Legality On 2 April 2010, the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs in the UK announced that a broad structure-based ba ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
α-PHP
α-Pyrrolidinohexiophenone (α-PHP, A-PHP, Aphp, alpha-PHP, α-Pyrrolidinohexanophenone, PV-7) is a synthetic stimulant drug of the cathinone class developed in the 1960s which has been reported as a novel designer drug. Similar chemical compounds α-Pyrrolidinohexiophenone is a longer chain homologue of α-PVP, having an extra carbon on the alkyl side chain. Regarding the potency of alpha-PHP in the brain, chemist Michael H. Baumann of the Designer Drug Research Unit (established by Baumann) of the National Institute on Drug Abuse stated: "alpha-PHP might be even more potent than alpha-PVP"; this statement is based on laboratory tests of chemical reactivity. Pyrovalerone is a structural isomer of alpha-PHP. Legality In the United States, α-PHP in the past has been assigned to Schedule I on a Temporary Placement basis, although the order has expired without renewal or permanent placement and is no longer Scheduled at the Federal level as of July 2021. Despite this however, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stimulant
Stimulants (also often referred to as psychostimulants or colloquially as uppers) is an overarching term that covers many drugs including those that increase activity of the central nervous system and the body, drugs that are pleasurable and invigorating, or drugs that have Sympathomimetic drug, sympathomimetic effects. Stimulants are widely used throughout the world as prescription medicines as well as without a prescription (either legally or Prohibition (drugs), illicitly) as performance-enhancing substance, performance-enhancing or recreational drug use, recreational drugs. Among narcotics, stimulants produce a noticeable crash or ''Comedown (drugs), comedown'' at the end of their effects. The most frequently prescribed stimulants as of 2013 were lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse), methylphenidate (Ritalin), and amphetamine (Adderall). It was estimated in 2015 that the percentage of the world population that had used cocaine during a year was 0.4%. For the category "amphetamines and p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Designer Drug
A designer drug is a structural or functional analog of a controlled substance that has been designed to mimic the pharmacological effects of the original drug, while avoiding classification as illegal and/or detection in standard drug tests. Designer drugs include psychoactive substances that have been designated by the European Union as new psychoactive substances (NPS) as well as analogs of performance-enhancing drugs such as designer steroids. Some of these were originally synthesized by academic or industrial researchers in an effort to discover more potent derivatives with fewer side effects, and shorter duration (and possibly also because it is easier to apply for patents for new molecules) and were later co-opted for recreational use. Other designer drugs were prepared for the first time in clandestine laboratories. Because the efficacy and safety of these substances have not been thoroughly evaluated in animal and human trials, the use of some of these drugs may result i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Positional Isomer
In chemistry, a structural isomer (or constitutional isomer in the IUPAC nomenclature) of a compound is another compound whose molecule has the same number of atoms of each element, but with logically distinct bonds between them. The term metamer was formerly used for the same concept. For example, butanol , methyl propyl ether , and diethyl ether have the same molecular formula but are three distinct structural isomers. The concept applies also to polyatomic ions with the same total charge. A classical example is the cyanate ion and the fulminate ion . It is also extended to ionic compounds, so that (for example) ammonium cyanate and urea are considered structural isomers,William F. Bynum, E. Janet Browne, Roy Porter (2014): ''Dictionary of the History of Science''. 530 pages. and so are methylammonium formate and ammonium acetate . Structural isomerism is the most radical type of isomerism. It is opposed to stereoisomerism, in which the atoms and bonding scheme ar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pyrovalerone
(Centroton, 4-Methyl-β-keto-prolintane, Thymergix, O-2371) is a psychoactive drug with stimulant effects via acting as a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI), and is used for the clinical treatment of chronic fatigue or lethargy and as an anorectic or appetite suppressant for weight loss purposes. It was developed in the late 1960s and has since been used in France and several other European countries, and although pyrovalerone is still occasionally prescribed, it is used infrequently due to problems with abuse and dependence. It is closely related on a structural level to a number of other stimulants, such as α-PVP, MDPV and prolintane (Promotil, Katovit). Side effects of pyrovalerone include anorexia or loss of appetite, anxiety, fragmented sleep or insomnia, and trembling, shaking, or muscle tremors. Withdrawal following abuse upon discontinuation often results in depression. The ''R''-enantiomer of pyrovalerone is devoid of activity. See also * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Organix Inc
Organix Inc is a US fine chemicals company specialising in chemical synthesis of analytical standards and custom synthesis of finished compounds and intermediates.{{Citation needed, date=February 2020 Chemistry Organix carries out research and development of novel molecules used in a variety of pharmaceutical research applications. Some notable compounds include; * O-526 * O-774 * O-806 * O-823 * O-1057 * O-1072 (Tropoxane) * O-1125 * O-1238 * O-1269 * O-1270 * O-1399 * O-1602 * O-1656 * O-1660 * O-1812 * O-1871 * O-1918 * O-2050 * O-2113 * O-2172 * O-2371 * O-2372 * O-2387 * O-2390 * O-2394 * O-2545 * O-2694 * O-4210 * O-4310 O-4310 (1-isopropyl-6-fluoro-psilocin) is a tryptamine derivative developed by Organix Inc which acts as a serotonin receptor agonist. It is claimed to have an EC50 of 5nM at 5-HT2A with 89% efficacy vs 5-HT, and 100x selectivity over 5-HT2C, ... Life sciences industry ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitor
A dopamine reuptake inhibitor (DRI) is a class of drug which acts as a reuptake inhibitor of the monoamine neurotransmitter dopamine by blocking the action of the dopamine transporter (DAT). Reuptake inhibition is achieved when extracellular dopamine not absorbed by the postsynaptic neuron is blocked from re-entering the presynaptic neuron. This results in increased extracellular concentrations of dopamine and increase in dopaminergic neurotransmission. DRIs are used in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy for their psychostimulant effects, and in the treatment of obesity and binge eating disorder for their appetite suppressant effects. They are sometimes used as antidepressants in the treatment of mood disorders, but their use as antidepressants is limited given that strong DRIs have a high abuse potential and legal restrictions on their use. Lack of dopamine reuptake and the increase in extracellular levels of dopamine have been lin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dopamine Transporter
The dopamine transporter (also dopamine active transporter, DAT, SLC6A3) is a membrane-spanning protein that pumps the neurotransmitter dopamine out of the synaptic cleft back into cytosol. In the cytosol, other transporters sequester the dopamine into vesicles for storage and later release. Dopamine reuptake via DAT provides the primary mechanism through which dopamine is cleared from synapses, although there may be an exception in the prefrontal cortex, where evidence points to a possibly larger role of the norepinephrine transporter. DAT is implicated in a number of dopamine-related disorders, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, bipolar disorder, clinical depression, alcoholism, eating disorders, and substance use disorder. The gene that encodes the DAT protein is located on human chromosome 5, consists of 15 coding exons, and is roughly 64 kbp long. Evidence for the associations between DAT and dopamine related disorders has come from a type of genetic p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
EMCDDA
The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) is an agency of the European Union located in Lisbon, Portugal, and established in 1993. In June 2022, the Council of the European Union approved a reform of the organization which will lead to an extension of its mandate and a change of name for "European Union Drugs Agency." The EMCDDA strives to be the "reference point" on drug usage for the European Union's member states, and to deliver "factual, objective, reliable and comparable information" about drug usage, drug addiction and related health complications, including hepatitis, HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis. Though the EMCDDA primarily serves Europe, it also works with other partners, scientists and policy-makers around the world. Mission and role The EMCDDA was founded on the principle that independent scientific research is a "vital resource to help Europe understand the nature of its drug problems and better respond to them." Its stated missions are to: ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aletamine
Alfetamine, or alpha-allyl- phenethyl amine, is a chemical compound of the phenethylamine family. It was briefly investigated as a possible antidepressant in the early 1970s. Its activity profile was said to be very similar to imipramine and amitriptyline, two tricyclic antidepressants Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are a class of medications that are used primarily as antidepressants, which is important for the management of depression. They are second-line drugs next to SSRIs. TCAs were discovered in the early 1950s and wer .... It has now been largely superseded by the newer compounds in this class, and only rarely found in scientific literature. The "alpha" in its name refers to its prodrug form, alfetamine. In addition to being an antidepressant, alfetamine is also a neuroprotective agent that acts as a weak dopamine antagonist and a high affinity κ-opioid receptor agonist. Alfetamine was synthesized by Kenji Tsukada and colleagues at Shinshu University and Dow Chemica ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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