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ΕΔΑ
The United Democratic Left (, ΕΔΑ; ''Eniéa Dimokratikí Aristerá'', EDA) was a left-wing political party in Greece, active mostly before the Greek junta of 1967–1974. Foundation The party was founded in July 1951 by prominent center-left and leftist politicians, some of which were former members of ELAS. While initially ''EDA'' was meant to act as a substitute and political front of the banned Communist Party of Greece, it eventually acquired a voice of its own, rather pluralistic and moderate. This development was more clearly shown at the time of the 1968 split in the ranks of Communist Party of Greece, with almost all former members of ''EDA'' joining the faction with Euro-communist, moderate tendencies. History ''EDA'' participated in all the elections in Greece from 1952 until 1964. In the 1958 elections it managed to become the leading party of the opposition, an achievement all the more surprising in view of the recent end of the Greek civil war and the consequentl ...
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1963 Greek Legislative Election
Parliamentary elections were held in Greece on 3 November 1963.Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p830 They resulted in a narrow victory for the Center Union of Georgios Papandreou after three consecutive victories of Konstantinos Karamanlis and his National Radical Union and after 11 years, during which the conservative parties (Greek Rally and its successor, the National Radical Union) ruled Greece. Background The early elections were caused by Karamanlis' resignation. It was a fierce confrontation with King Paul I and the royal family that led to the fall of the right-wing government. The King (influenced by the Queen Frederika and his son Constantine, according to Karamanlis' later argumentation) didn't follow the prime minister's instructions, concerning an official visit of the royal family to the United Kingdom. The King's stance outraged Karamanlis, who submitted immediately his resignation. The political unrest was also ex ...
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Ioannis Passalidis
Ioannis Passalidis (; 1886–1968) was a prominent member of the Greek Left and founder of the United Democratic Left party. Biography He was born in the village of Kutaisi, Russian Empire, now in Georgia (country), Georgia. He studied medicine at the universities of University of Moscow, Moscow and University of Odessa, Odessa. He graduated in 1910 and settled in the city of Sukhumi in the Caucasus. In 1913 he travelled in Germany for postgraduate studies. He then specialised as a surgeon in Odessa, taking the position of the director of the hospital of Sukhumi. After the declaration of independence of Georgia (country), Georgia, he was elected a deputy with Noe Zhordania's Georgian Social Democratic Labour Party in the February 1919 general election. In 1922, Passalidis settled in Thessaloniki and worked as a doctor. In the 1923 Greek legislative election, 1923 general election he was elected for the first time to the Hellenic Parliament, Greek Parliament as a republican deputy. ...
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Manolis Glezos
Manolis Glezos (; 9 September 1922 – 30 March 2020) was a Greek left-wing politician, journalist, author, and member of the Greek Resistance during World War II. After the end of the war, Glezos became a journalist and edited the left-wing newspapers ''Rizospastis'' and '' I Avgi''. He also published six books. During the Axis occupation of Greece, he and Apostolos Santas, Lakis Santas took down the flag of Nazi Germany from the Acropolis of Athens, Acropolis. After the end of the Nazi occupation, his left-wing political beliefs and activism in the Greek People's Liberation Army (ELAS) led to him being Capital punishment in Greece, sentenced to death three times; his imprisonments and legal troubles were often the topic of international interest, until his permanent release in 1971. Since the Greek military junta of 1967–74#Collapse, restoration of democracy in 1974, he had been active as a politician, becoming a Member of the Greek Parliament for various left-wing parties ...
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Gregoris Lambrakis
Grigoris Lambrakis (; 3 April 1912 – 27 May 1963) was a Greek politician, physician, athlete, and lecturer. He participated in track and field sports and was a member of the faculty of the School of Medicine at the University of Athens. A member of the Greek resistance to Axis rule during World War II, he later became a prominent anti-war activist. His assassination by right-wing zealots that were covertly supported by the police and military provoked mass protests and led to a political crisis. Early life Lambrakis was born in the village of Kerasitsa in the district of Tegea ( Arcadia, the Peloponnese). After finishing high school in his home town, he moved to Athens to enter the School of Medicine at the University of Athens. Lambrakis was a champion athlete throughout his life. He held the Greek record for long jump for twenty-three years (1936–1959). He also earned several gold medals in the Balkan Games, which took place annually, featuring competitors from Gre ...
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National Radical Union
The National Radical Union ( (ΕΡΕ), (ERE)) was a Greek political party formed in 1956 by Konstantinos Karamanlis, mostly out of the Greek Rally party. History ERE was a conservative, right-wing party, which also had some prominent centrist members, such as: * Panagiotis Kanellopoulos *Konstantinos Tsatsos Konstantinos D. Tsatsos (; July 1, 1899 – October 8, 1987) was a Greek diplomat, professor of law, scholar and politician. He served as the List of heads of state of Greece#Third Hellenic Republic (since 1974), second President of Greece, Pr ..., president of the Greek Republic from 1975 to 1980. * Evangelos Averoff, minister of foreign affairs in Karamanlis' governments (1955–1963) and leader of ND from 1981 to 1984. Karamanlis resigned from the leadership of ERE in 1963 and was succeeded by Panagiotis Kanellopoulos. The cause of Karamanlis' resignation was the hotly contested elections of 1961 (known as elections of "violence and fraud"). According to o ...
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Center Union
The Centre Union () was a major centrist political party in Greece, created in 1961 by Georgios Papandreou.Clogg, 1987, pp. 39–40 History The Centre Union was a political party in Greece in the 1960s which held office from 1963 to 1965 and was nominally in power from 1965 to 1967. The party was centrist, though elements of the far-right and the left also joined. The party fractured following its leader Georgios Papandreou's resignation after a disagreement with King Constantine II who clashed with Papandreou on how to handle the armed forces. Papandreou was succeeded by several shaky governments which relied on the votes of the opposition and defectors from the Centre Union. The turmoil surrounding Papandreou's resignation became known as the 'Apostasy' which led directly to the Greek military junta of 1967-1974.Gallant, 2015, pp. 273–274 Establishment and goals The Centre Union was founded in September 1961, six weeks before the elections that same year. The forces of the ...
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1964 Greek Legislative Election
Parliamentary elections were held in Greece on 16 February 1964.Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p830 They resulted in a clear victory for Georgios Papandreou and his Center Union (EK). Papandreou subsequently formed the 37th government since the end of World War II. Background The government led by Panagiotis Kanellopoulos of the National Radical Union (ERE) resigned on 25 September 1963, after which Papandreou formed an interim government on 28 September. As no party had a majority in the Hellenic Parliament, Papandreou's government initiated preparations for elections on 3 November. Although the Center Union emerged as the largest party, which allowed Papandreou to form a new government, it also soon resigned. King Paul accepted Papandreou's resignation on 31 December 1963, and Ioannis Paraskevopoulos formed an interim government to serve until the 1964 elections. The ERE had been weakened prior to the elections when Konstan ...
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1961 Greek Legislative Election
Parliamentary elections were held in Greece on 29 October 1961 to elect members of the Hellenic Parliament.Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p830 The result was a third consecutive victory for Konstantinos Karamanlis and his National Radical Union (ERE), which won 176 of the 300 seats. Results Aftermath The elections were quickly denounced by both main opposition parties, the leftist United Democratic Left (campaigning as part of the All-Democratic Agricultural Front) and the Centre Union. They refused to recognise the result because of the numerous cases of voter intimidation and irregularities, such as sudden massive increases in support for ERE against historical patterns and the voting by deceased persons. The Centre Union alleged that the election result had been staged by the agents of the shadowy deep state (παρακράτος), including the army leadership, the Greek Central Intelligence Service and the notoriously ...
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Greek Civil War
The Greek Civil War () took place from 1946 to 1949. The conflict, which erupted shortly after the end of World War II, consisted of a Communism, Communist-led uprising against the established government of the Kingdom of Greece. The rebels declared a people's republic, the Provisional Democratic Government, Provisional Democratic Government of Greece, which was governed by the Communist Party of Greece (KKE) and its military branch, the Democratic Army of Greece (DSE). The rebels were supported by People's Socialist Republic of Albania, Albania and Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Yugoslavia. With the support of the United Kingdom and the United States, the Greek government forces ultimately prevailed. The war had its roots in divisions within Greece during World War II between the Communist-dominated Left-wing politics, left-wing Greek Resistance, resistance organisation, the National Liberation Front (Greece), EAM-ELAS, and loosely-allied Anti-communism, anti-communis ...
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1958 Greek Legislative Election
Parliamentary elections were held in Greece on 11 May 1958.Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p830 The result was a second consecutive victory for Konstantinos Karamanlis and his National Radical Union, which won 171 of the 300 seats in Parliament. Background Karamanlis decided to call for early elections, after some of the most prominent members of the National Radical Union defected from the party, including George Rallis and . Although Karamanlis could have a parliamentary majority, he preferred to go for elections, in order to achieve a renewed public support. The pretext of the defection was a new electoral law that Karamanlis passed. Rallis was opposed to the law, thinking that it is going to be extremely favorable for the United Democratic Left, a party believed to be linked with the then-banned Communist Party of Greece. Results The outcome of the results proved that Rallis' "fears" were justified. The United Democratic Le ...
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Elections In Greece
At a national level, Greece holds elections for its legislature, the Hellenic Parliament. Election of the legislature The Greek Parliament (''Voulí ton Ellínon'') has 300 members, elected for a four-year term by a system of "reinforced" proportional representation. Of the 300 seats, 285 are allocated to 59 constituencies, 50 of which are multi-seat and 9 single-seat. The remaining 15 MPs are elected from nationwide party lists, of which 3 are required to represent the Greek diaspora. Seat allocation to individual parties is done on the basis of their nationwide vote share, provided they have reached the electoral threshold of 3%. In each constituency, voters may select the candidate or candidates of their choice by marking their name on the party ballot. In 2016, the previous parliament, under a left-wing majority, abolished the reinforced proportionality system, which had been in effect since 2004. The previous system had been boosting the first party's seat count w ...
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Euro-communist
Eurocommunism was a trend in the 1970s and 1980s within various Western European communist parties, which said they had developed a theory and practice of social transformation more relevant for Western Europe. During the Cold War, they sought to reject the influence of the Soviet Union and its Communist Party. The trend was especially prominent in Italy, Spain, and France. It is commonly considered to have been prompted by the Prague Spring. Although the various parties converged against the Soviet factor, their own doctrines remained as different at the dissolution of the movement as they originally were before 1968. Terminology The origin of the term Eurocommunism was subject to great debate in the mid-1970s, being attributed to Zbigniew Brzezinski and Arrigo Levi, among others. Jean-François Revel once wrote that "one of the favourite amusements of 'political scientists' is to search for the author of the term Eurocommunism". In April 1977, ''Deutschland Archiv'' decid ...
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