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ʻŌmaʻo
The ōmao (''Myadestes obscurus'', also called the Hawaiian thrush) is an endemic species of robin-like bird found only on the island of Hawaii. Ōmao are closely related to the other endemic thrushes of the Hawaiian Islands, the kāmao, the olomao, and the puaiohi. Ōmao are found primarily in rainforests in the eastern and southeastern regions of the Big Island. Population estimates approximate 170,000 birds, making it the most common of the Hawaiian thrushes. It appears to have a stable population, but because the entire population exists on a small range and is endemic to a single island, it is considered vulnerable. Description Adult thrushes (males and females are similar in appearance) are mostly nondescript, with a grayish-brown head transitioning to a pale gray below. The back and primaries are a dull olive brown. They also have whitish vents and undertail coverts. The juveniles are also similarly dull in coloration, but have pale whitish-buff spotting on the wing ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Myadestes
''Myadestes'' is a genus of Solitaire (bird), solitaires, medium-sized mostly Insectivore, insectivorous birds in the thrush (bird), thrush family, Turdidae. They are found in the Americas and Hawaii, Hawaii, where several island species have become Extinction, extinct. Species in taxonomic order * ''Myadestes occidentalis'' Leonhard Hess Stejneger, Stejneger, 1882 - brown-backed solitaire (Mexico, northern Central America) *''Myadestes unicolor'' Sclater, 1857 - slate-colored solitaire (Mexico, Central America) *''Myadestes townsendi'' John James Audubon, Audubon, 1838 - Townsend's solitaire (North America) *''Myadestes myadestinus'' - Kāmaʻo, kāmao (Kauai, Kauai) (extinct, 1990s) *''Myadestes palmeri'' Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild, Rothschild, 1893 - puaiohi (Kauai, Kauai) *''Myadestes lanaiensis'' Jeffrey A. Wilson, Wilson, 1891 - Olomaʻo, olomao (Oahu, Oahu, Maui, Lanai, Lānai and Molokai, Molokai) (probably extinct, 1980s?) ** ''Myadestes lanaiensis woahens ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Johann Friedrich Gmelin
, fields = , workplaces = University of GöttingenUniversity of Tübingen , alma_mater = University of Tübingen , doctoral_advisor = Philipp Friedrich GmelinFerdinand Christoph Oetinger , academic_advisors = , doctoral_students = Georg Friedrich HildebrandtFriedrich StromeyerCarl Friedrich KielmeyerWilhelm August LampadiusVasily Severgin , notable_students = , known_for = Textbooks on chemistry, pharmaceutical science, mineralogy, and botany , author_abbrev_bot = J.F.Gmel. , author_abbrev_zoo = Gmelin , influences = Carl Linnaeus , influenced = , relatives = Leopold Gmelin (son) , awards = Johann Friedrich Gmelin (8 August 1748 – 1 November 1804) was a German naturalist, botanist, entomologist, herpetologist, and malacologist. Education Johann Friedrich Gmelin was born as the eldest son of Philipp Friedrich Gmelin in 1748 in Tübingen. He studied medicine under his father at University of Tübingen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mauna Loa
Mauna Loa ( or ; Hawaiian: ; en, Long Mountain) is one of five volcanoes that form the Island of Hawaii in the U.S. state of Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean. The largest subaerial volcano (as opposed to subaqueous volcanoes) in both mass and volume, Mauna Loa has historically been considered the largest volcano on Earth, dwarfed only by Tamu Massif. It is an active shield volcano with relatively gentle slopes, with a volume estimated at , although its peak is about lower than that of its neighbor, Mauna Kea. Lava eruptions from Mauna Loa are silica-poor and very fluid, and tend to be non-explosive. Mauna Loa has probably been erupting for at least 700,000 years, and may have emerged above sea level about 400,000 years ago. The oldest-known dated rocks are not older than 200,000 years. The volcano's magma comes from the Hawaii hotspot, which has been responsible for the creation of the Hawaiian island chain over tens of millions of years. The slow drift of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Endemic Birds Of Hawaii
There are 71 known taxa of birds endemic to the Hawaiian Islands, of which 30 are extinct, 6 possibly extinct and 30 of the remaining 48 species and subspecies are listed as endangered or threatened by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Habitat loss and avian disease are thought to have had the greatest effect on endemic bird species in Hawaii. List of species The following is a list of bird species and subspecies endemic to the Hawaiian Islands: Procellariidae * Hawaiian petrel or uau, ''Pterodroma sandwichensis'' * Newell's shearwater or ao, ''Puffinus newelli'' * Bryan's shearwater, ''Puffinus bryani'' ('' P. assimilis'': ) * Bonin petrel, ''Pterodroma hypoleuca'' 99% of the total population breeds on the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Anatidae * Hawaiian goose or nēnē, ''Branta sandvicensis'' * Hawaiian duck or koloa maoli, ''Anas wyvilliana'' * Laysan duck, ''Anas laysanensis'' Diomedeidae * Laysan albatross, ''Phoebastria immutabilis'' 99.7% o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge
Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge is a protected area on the Big Island of Hawaii. It is one of two units, along with the Kona Forest National Wildlife Refuge that is managed as part of the Big Island National Wildlife Refuge Complex. Access to the Kona Forest is restricted since it contains several endangered species. Description Hakalau Forest NWR contains some of the finest remaining stands of native montane wet forest in Hawaii. The slopes below feet receive very high rainfall - annually. Bogs, fern patches, and scrubby forest dominate this area, which is dissected by numerous deep gulches. Rainfall decreases to about at elevations above , where majestic koa (''Acacia koa'') and red-blossomed ōhia lehua (''Metrosideros polymorpha'') trees form a closed-canopy forest. Further upslope, above , rainfall decreases to or less and native forest merges into abandoned pastureland where alien grasses and weeds, introduced as forage for cattle, are the dominant vegetatio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Invasive Plant
An invasive species otherwise known as an alien is an introduced organism that becomes overpopulated and harms its new environment. Although most introduced species are neutral or beneficial with respect to other species, invasive species adversely affect habitats and bioregions, causing ecological, environmental, and/or economic damage. The term can also be used for native species that become harmful to their native environment after human alterations to its food webfor example the purple sea urchin (''Strongylocentrotus purpuratus'') which has decimated kelp forests along the northern California coast due to overharvesting of its natural predator, the California sea otter (''Enhydra lutris''). Since the 20th century, invasive species have become a serious economic, social, and environmental threat. Invasion of long-established ecosystems by organisms is a natural phenomenon, but human-facilitated introductions have greatly increased the rate, scale, and geographic range of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Habitat Destruction
Habitat destruction (also termed habitat loss and habitat reduction) is the process by which a natural habitat becomes incapable of supporting its native species. The organisms that previously inhabited the site are displaced or dead, thereby reducing biodiversity and species abundance. Habitat destruction is the leading cause of biodiversity loss. Fragmentation and loss of habitat have become one of the most important topics of research in ecology as they are major threats to the survival of endangered species. Activities such as harvesting natural resources, industrial production and urbanization are human contributions to habitat destruction. Pressure from agriculture is the principal human cause. Some others include mining, logging, trawling, and urban sprawl. Habitat destruction is currently considered the primary cause of species extinction worldwide. Environmental factors can contribute to habitat destruction more indirectly. Geological processes, climate change, introdu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Avian Malaria
Avian malaria is a parasitic disease of birds, caused by parasite species belonging to the genera ''Plasmodium'' and '' Hemoproteus'' (phylum Apicomplexa, class Haemosporidia, family Plasmoiidae). The disease is transmitted by a dipteran vector including mosquitoes in the case of ''Plasmodium'' parasites and biting midges for ''Hemoproteus.'' The range of symptoms and effects of the parasite on its bird hosts is very wide, from asymptomatic cases to drastic population declines due to the disease, as is the case of the Hawaiian honeycreepers. The diversity of parasites is large, as it is estimated that there are approximately as many parasites as there are species of hosts. Co-speciation and host switching events have contributed to the broad range of hosts that these parasites can infect, causing avian malaria to be a widespread global disease, found everywhere except Antarctica. Cause Avian malaria is most notably caused by ''Plasmodium relictum'', a protist that infects birds i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Banana Poka
''Passiflora tarminiana'' (or banana passionfruit) is a species of passionfruit. The yellow fruits are edible and their resemblance to small, straight bananas has given it the name banana passionfruit in some countries. It is native to the uplands of tropical South America and is now cultivated in many countries. In Hawaii and New Zealand it is now considered an invasive species. It was given the name banana passionfruit in New Zealand, where passionfruit are also prevalent. In Hawaii, it is called banana poka. In its Latin American homeland, it is known as ''curuba'', ''curuba de Castilla'', or ''curuba sabanera blanca'' (Colombia); ''taxo'', ''tacso'', ''tagso'', ''tauso'' (Ecuador); ''parcha'', ''taxo'' (Venezuela), ''tumbo'' or ''curuba'' (Bolivia); ''tacso'', ''tumbo'', ''tumbo del norte'', ''trompos'', ''tintin'' or ''purpur'' (Peru). ''Passiflora tarminiana'' belongs to the ''Tacsonia'' subgenus of ''Passiflora''. It has been known under a number of different names and wa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ohia
''Metrosideros polymorpha'', the ''ōhia lehua'', is a species of flowering evergreen tree in the Myrtus, myrtle family, Myrtaceae, that is Endemism, endemic to the six largest Hawaiian Islands, islands of Hawaii, Hawaii. It is a highly variable tree, being tall in favorable situations, and a much smaller prostrate shrub when growing in Hawaiian tropical rainforests#Bogs, boggy soils or directly on basalt. It produces a brilliant display of flowers, made up of a mass of stamens, which can range from fiery red to yellow. Many native Hawaiian traditions refer to the tree and the forests it forms as sacred to Pele (deity), Pele, the volcano goddess, and to Laka, the goddess of hula. Ōhia trees grow easily on lava, and are usually the first plants to grow on new lava flows. It is a common misconception that the word ''ōhia'' is used to refer to the tree and that the word ''lehua'' refers only to its flowers. ''The Hawaiian Dictionary'' (Pukui and Elbert 1986: 199) defines ''lehua ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hawaiian Tropical High Shrublands
The Hawaiian tropical high shrublands are a tropical savanna ecoregion in the Hawaiian Islands. Geography The high shrublands ecoregion covers an area of on the upper slopes of the volcanoes Mauna Kea, Mauna Loa, Hualālai, and Haleakalā. Flora The plant communities include open shrublands, grasslands, and deserts. Shrubland species include āheahea (''Chenopodium oahuense''), ōhelo ai ('' Vaccinium reticulatum''), naenae ('' Dubautia menziesii''), and iliahi (''Santalum haleakalae''). Alpine grasslands are dominated by tussock grasses, such as ''Deschampsia nubigena'', ''Eragrostis atropioides'', ''Panicum tenuifolium'', and pili uka ('' Trisetum glomeratum''). Deserts occur on the coldest and driest peaks, where only extremely hardy plants such as āhinahina ('' Argyroxiphium sandwicense'') and ''Dubautia'' species are able to grow. Fauna The nēnē (''Branta sandvicensis'') is one of the few birds found in alpine shrublands, while uau (''Pterodroma sandwichensi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Endemism In Birds
Endemism is the state of a species being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found elsewhere. For example, the Cape sugarbird is found exclusively in southwestern South Africa and is therefore said to be ''endemic'' to that particular part of the world. An endemic species can be also be referred to as an ''endemism'' or in scientific literature as an ''endemite''. For example '' Cytisus aeolicus'' is an endemite of the Italian flora. '' Adzharia renschi'' was once believed to be an endemite of the Caucasus, but it was later discovered to be a non-indigenous species from South America belonging to a different genus. The extreme opposite of an endemic species is one with a cosmopolitan distribution, having a global or widespread range. A rare alternative term for a species that is endemic is "precinctive", which applies to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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