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Šandabakku
The office of šandabakku, inscribed (LÚGÚ.EN.NA)Lexical lists such as IM 77106, 12 N 129 OIP 122 text 119, obv.4. or sometimes as (GÁ.DUB.BA.A EN.LÍLKI), the latter designation perhaps meaning "archivist of (the god) Enlil," was the name of the position of governor of the Mesopotamian city of Nippur from the Kassite period (mid second millennium BC) onward. Enlil, as the tutelary deity of Nippur, had been elevated in prominence and was shown special veneration by the Kassite monarchs, it being the most common theophoric element in their names. This caused the position of the ''šandabakku'' to become very prestigious and the holders of the office seem to have wielded influence second only to the king. The office The term ''šandabakku'' first appears in texts from Mari, where it seems to represent a high-ranking administrative official, but it is not until the Kassite period that it became synonymous with the city of Nippur. Nippur had been depopulated sometime towards the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nabu-shum-libur
Nabû-šumu-libūr, inscribed dAG.MU''-li-bur''Tablet BM 33332 Kinglist A, iii 4'. or d''na-bi-um-''MU''-li-bur'',Tablet BM 139424, purchased in 1982 and on display in room 55 of the British Museum. meaning "O Nabû, may (my) progeny / the son stay in good health," (ruled 1029–1022 BC) was the 11th and last king of the 2nd Dynasty of Isin, the 4th Dynasty of Babylon. He ruled during a period of instability due to incursions of Aramean nomadic tribesmen in Northwest Babylonia. Biography There is very little extant material for his reign. The legal text pictured is from his first year. It was found at Kār-Bēlet-Ilāni near Nippur, and details the reimbursement of Nusku-zêra-iddina, the ''šandabakku'', or governor of Nippur, with land, after he ransomed a man named Mudammiqu from the 'enemy'. The price was paid in kind, with the text listing various items provided by the purchaser with their cash equivalent, for a total of 420 shekels. It was first published in 1983 and the tex ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shagarakti-Shuriash
Šagarakti-Šuriaš, written phonetically ''ša-ga-ra-ak-ti-šur-ia-aš'' or d''ša-garak-ti-šu-ri-ia-aš'' in cuneiform Cuneiform is a logo-syllabic script that was used to write several languages of the Ancient Middle East. The script was in active use from the early Bronze Age until the beginning of the Common Era. It is named for the characteristic wedge-sha ... or in a variety of other forms, ''Šuriaš'' (a Kassite deities, Kassite sun god corresponding to Babylonian Shamash, Šamaš) ''gives me life'', (1245–1233 BC Short chronology timeline, short chronology) was the twenty seventh king of the Third or Kassites, Kassite dynasty of Babylon. The earliest extant economic text is dated to the 5th day of Nisan in his accession year, corresponding to his predecessor’s year 9, suggesting the succession occurred very early in the year as this month was the first in the Babylonian calendar. He ruled for thirteen years and was succeeded by his son, Kashtiliash IV, Kaštilia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lexical Lists
The cuneiform lexical lists are a series of ancient Mesopotamian glossaries which preserve the semantics of Sumerograms, their phonetic value and their Akkadian or other language equivalents. They are the oldest literary texts from Mesopotamia and one of the most widespread genres in the ancient Near East. Wherever cuneiform tablets have been uncovered, inside Iraq or in the wider Middle East, these lists have been discovered. History The earliest lexical lists are the archaic (early third millennium BC) word lists uncovered in caches of business documents and which comprise lists of nouns, the absence of verbs being due to their sparse use in these records of commercial transactions. The most notable text is LU A, a list of professions which would be reproduced for the next thousand years until the end of the Old Babylonian period virtually unchanged. Later third millennium lists dating to around 2600 BC have been uncovered at Fara and Abū Ṣalābīkh, including the ''Fa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Uballissu-Marduk
Uballissu-Marduk, inscribed ''ú-ba-lí-su-''dAMAR.UTU, meaning “Marduk has kept him alive,” was a Babylonian accountant (''niğkas'') who rose to the rank of administrator (''sanqu'') in the Kassite government of Kurigalzu II, ca. 1332-1308 BC short chronology, whose principal sources are his two cylinder seals which detail his religious affiliations and his illustrious genealogy. Biography The earlier of his seals (pictured) is a chalcedony cylinder seal with eleven lines of text and one line of five insects. It provides a prayer to the goddess Ninsun and gives his position as “expert accountant.” His other cylinder seal,Cylinder seal BM 122696. lists four generations of his ancestors of which Arad-Ea “scholar of accounting” ( Sumerian: ''ummia niğkas'') is the first. His father, Uššur-ana-Marduk, had been gá-dub-ba é- ur? governor of Nippur, his grandfather, Usi-ana-nuri-?, GIR3.NITA2 kurdilmunki-a, “regent” or “viceroy” of Dilmun, ancient Bahrain. H ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nabonassar
Nabû-nāṣir was the king of Babylon from 747 to 734 BC. He deposed a foreign Chaldean usurper named Nabu-shuma-ishkun, bringing native rule back to Babylon after twenty-three years of Chaldean rule. His reign saw the beginning of a new era characterized by the systematic maintenance of chronologically precise historical records. Both the Babylonian ChronicleTablet BM 92502 The ''Chronicle on the Reigns from Nabû-Nasir to Šamaš-šuma-ukin'' (ABC 1) lines 1 to 12. and the Ptolemaic Canon begin with his accession to the throne. He was contemporary with the Assyrian kings Aššur-nirarī V (755–745 BC) and Tiglath-Pileser III, the latter under whom he became a vassal, and the Elamite kings Humban-Tahrah I (reigned until 743 BC) and Humban-Nikaš I (742–717 BC). Attestations and possible vituperative chronicle Nothing is known of his provenance or origin, although it appears he was a native Mesopotamian. His three predecessors were from the migrant Chaldean tribes set ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marduk-balassu-iqbi
Marduk-balāssu-iqbi, inscribed mdAMAR.UTU-TI''-su-iq-bi''Kudurru AO 6684 in the Louvre, published as RA 16 (1919) 126 iv 17. or mdSID-TI-''zu''-DUG4,''Synchronistic King List'' fragment, Ass 13956dh (KAV 182), iii 13. meaning "Marduk has promised his life," was the 8th king of the Dynasty of ''E'' of Babylon; he was the successor of his father Marduk-zākir-šumi I, and was the 4th and final generation of Nabû-šuma-ukin I's family to reign. He was contemporary with his father's former ally, Šamši-Adad V of Assyria, who may have been his brother-in-law, who was possibly married to his (Marduk's) sister Šammu-ramat, the legendary Semiramis, and who was to become his nemesis. Biography He was recorded as a witness on a ''kudurru'' dated to his father's 2nd year, 25 years before he ascended the throne, suggesting he was fairly elderly when he assumed power, and he may be a witness on another kudurru,The Sun God tablet BM 91000 published as BBSt 36, vi 24. dated to his grand ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marduk-zakir-shumi I
Marduk-zâkir-šumi, inscribed mdAMAR.UTU''-za-kir-''MU in a reconstruction of two kinglists,''Synchronistic Kinglist'' KAV 10 (VAT 11261) ii 9.''Synchronistic Kinglist'' KAV 182 (Ass. 13956dh) iii 12. “Marduk pronounced the name,” was a king of Babylon from 855 to 819 BC during the mixed dynastic period referred to in antiquity as the dynasty of ''E''. He was a contemporary of the Assyrian kings, Salmānu-ašarēdu III) (commonly known as Shalmaneser III)''Synchronistic Kinglist'', KAV 216 (Ass. 14616c), iii 20. (859–824 BC) and Šamši-Adad V (824–811 BC) with whom he was allied.''Eclectic Chronicle'' (ABC 24) BM 27859 reverse (r 5-7). Biography There are few contemporary inscriptions bearing witness to his reign. A kudurru granting Ibni-Ištar, a ''kalû-''priest of the temple of Eanna in Uruk, land by Marduk-zâkir-šumi, is dated to his second year. Nazi-Enlil was governor or ''šandabakku'' (inscribed LÚGÚ.EN.NA) of Nippur, the first appearance of this office sin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adad-shuma-usur
Adad-šuma-uṣur, inscribed dIM-MU-ŠEŠ, meaning "O Adad, protect the name!," and dated very tentatively ca. 1216–1187 BC (short chronology), was the 32nd king of the 3rd or Kassite dynasty of Babylon and the country contemporarily known as Karduniaš. His name was wholly Babylonian and not uncommon, as for example the later Assyrian King Esarhaddon (681–669 BC) had a personal exorcist, or ''ašipu'', with the same name who was unlikely to have been related. He is best known for his rude letter to Aššur-nirari III, the most complete part of which is quoted below, and was enthroned following a revolt in the south of Mesopotamia when the north was still occupied by the forces of Assyria, and he may not have assumed authority throughout the country until around the 25th year of his 30-year reign, although the exact sequence of events and chronology remains disputed. Biography There is surprisingly little contemporary evidence for this king considering the purported length of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adad-shuma-iddina
Adad-šuma-iddina, inscribed mdIM-MU-SUM''-na'', ("Adad has given a name") and dated to around ca. 1222–1217 BC (short chronology The chronology of the ancient Near East is a framework of dates for various events, rulers and dynasties. Historical inscriptions and texts customarily record events in terms of a succession of officials or rulers: "in the year X of king Y". Com ...), was the 31st king of the 3rd or Kassites, Kassite dynasty of Babylon''Kinglist A'', BM 33332, ii 10. and the country contemporarily known as Karduniaš. He reigned for 6 years some time during the period following the conquest of Babylonia by the Assyrian king, Tukulti-Ninurta I, and has been identified as a vassal king by several historians, a position which is not directly supported by any contemporary evidence. Biography In many respects, the reign of Adad-šuma-iddina was indistinguishable from other Kassite monarchs. The same iconography of a suckling animal, a characteristic metaphor for the K ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Estate Of Takil-ana-ilīšu Kudurru
The estate of Takil-ana-ilīšu kudurru is an ancient Mesopotamian white limestone ''narû'', or entitlement stela, dating from the latter part of the Kassite era which gives a history of the litigation concerning a contested inheritance over three generations or more than forty years. It describes a patrimonial redemption, or "lineage claim," and provides a great deal of information concerning inheritance during the late Bronze Age. It is identified by its colophon, ''asumittu annītu garbarê šalati kanīk dīnim'', “this stela is a copy of three sealed documents with (royal) edicts” and records the legal judgments made in three successive reigns of the kings, Adad-šuma-iddina (ca. 1222–1217 BC), Adad-šuma-uṣur (ca. 1216–1187 BC) and Meli-Šipak (ca. 1186–1172 BC). It is a contemporary text which confirms the sequence of these Kassite monarchs given on the Babylonian king list and provides the best evidence that the first of these was unlikely to have been merel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kudur-Enlil
Kudur-Enlil, rendered in cuneiform as ''Ku-dur'' dEN.LÍL (c. 1254–1246 BC short chronology), “son of Enlil,” was the 26th king of the 3rd or Kassite dynasty of Babylon. He reigned into his ninth year, as attested in contemporary economic tablets. His relationship with his predecessor and successor is uncertain and does not appear in contemporary inscriptions. The personal name “ Marduk is king of the gods” first appears during his reign marking the deity’s ascendancy to the head of the pantheon. Biography He succeeded Kadašman-Enlil II and was possibly the first Kassite king to have a wholly Babylonian name, or one containing an Elamite derived word, from ''kudurru'', which might be middle Assyrian. Although the Babylonian King List A records him as son of Kadašman-Enlil,''Babylonian King List A'', BM 33332, ii 5: a broken and badly worn tablet in the British Museum, also errs with respect to the length of his reign, 6 years rather than 9 proven by economic text ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kadashman-Enlil II
Kadašman-Enlil II, typically rendered d''ka-dáš-man-''dEN.LÍLThe replacement of the masculine determinative m by the divine one d is a distinction of Kassite monarchs after Nazi-Maruttaš. in contemporary inscriptions, meaning “he believes in Enlil” (1263-1255 BC short chronology) was the 25th kingKinglist A, BM 33332, ii 4, for position although the name is mostly broken away. of the Kassite or 3rd dynasty of Babylon. He succeeded Kadašman-Turgu as a child and political power was exercised at first by an influential vizier, Itti-Marduk-balatu, “whom the gods have caused to live far too long and romwhose mouth unfavourable words never cease”, according to Ḫattušili III. The vizier seems to have adopted a sharply antagonistic position towards the Hittites, favoring the appeasement of their belligerent Assyrian northerly neighbor. Correspondence with Ḫattušili III In the first place the Hittite king, Ḫattušili III, wrote to Itti-Marduk-balatu (“With-Marduk- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
