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Śmiłowice, Mikołów
Śmiłowice (german: Smilowitz) is a sołectwo of Mikołów, Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland. It was an independent village but as a part of gmina Mokre was administratively merged into Mikołów in 1975. History The village was first mentioned in the 14th century. During the political upheaval caused by Matthias Corvinus the land around Pszczyna was overtaken by Casimir II, Duke of Cieszyn, who sold it in 1517 to the Hungarian magnates of the Thurzó family, forming the Pless state country. In the accompanying sales document issued on 21 February 1517 the village was mentioned as ''Smilowicze''. After World War I in the Upper Silesia plebiscite 231 out of 266 voters in Śmiłowice voted in favour of joining Poland, against 35 opting for staying in Germany. In years 1945-1954 it was a seat of a gmina encompassing also Mokre, Borowa Wieś, Paniowy and Stara Kuźnia (now part of Halemba district of Ruda Śląska Ruda Śląska (formerly ) is a city in Silesia in so ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sołectwo
A sołectwo (Polish plural: ''sołectwa'') is an administrative unit in Poland, an optional subdivision of a gmina. The actions and organs of the sołectwo are decided by the gmina council. On 31 December 2018 Poland had 40 740 sołectwa. Government and politics The legislative organ in a sołectwo is a (village meeting) and the executive is a sołtys. A sołectwo council (''rada sołecka'') provides support to the sołtys. The sołtys and the council are elected by permanent citizens of the sołectwo. A zebranie wiejskie is an example of a direct democracy, as the most important concerns of the citizens are addressed. Citizens' participation in these events varies a lot. The national average is 15%. From 2010, sołectwa can use their own budget independently if the gmina council agrees to let them to do so. In 2013 half of all gminy with sołectwa adapted to the change. Structure A sołectwo usually contains one settlement (village, przysiółek or hamlet), but sometimes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Casimir II, Duke Of Cieszyn
Casimir II of Cieszyn ( pl, Kazimierz, cs, KazimÃr; – 13 December 1528) was a Duke of Cieszyn since 1477, ruler over Koźle during 1479–1509, since 1493 ruler over Wołów, over Pszczyna during 1498–1517, from 1506 over Opava, Duke of GÅ‚ogów since 1506 (for life). Also he was Landeshauptmann General of Silesia during 1497–1504 and 1507–1517, since 1517 until his death, Landeshauptmann (starosta generalny) over the Upper Silesia. He was the only son of BolesÅ‚aw II, Duke of Cieszyn, by his wife Anna, daughter of Ivan Vladimirovich, Prince of Bielsk. Life After the early death of his father in 1452, Casimir II was raised by his uncle PrzemysÅ‚aw II, who gave him the town of Bielsko and surrounding villages in 1460. Casimir II's first political intervention was by 1471, when he supported King WÅ‚adysÅ‚aw II Jagiellon during his conflicts with the Bohemian nobility. Four years later (in 1475), Casimir II he attended to the marriage of Princess Hedwig of Poland (King ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ruda ÅšlÄ…ska
Ruda ÅšlÄ…ska (formerly ) is a city in Silesia in southern Poland, near Katowice. It is a district in the Upper Silesian Metropolitan Union, a metropolis with a population of two million. It is in the Silesian Highlands, on the KÅ‚odnica River (tributary of the Oder). It has been part of the Silesian Voivodeship since its formation in 1999. Previously, it was in Katowice Voivodeship, and before then, part of the Autonomous Silesian Voivodeship. Ruda ÅšlÄ…ska is one of the cities in the Katowice urban area (population 2.7 million) and within the greater Silesian metropolitan area (population 5,294,000). The population of the city is 135,008 (December 2021). History A large village is known to have existed at the location of the present day city center in 1243. The city name appears to indicate the awareness and perhaps exploitation of ores from early times. The area underwent rapid industrialization (coal, steel, zinc) in the 19th and the beginning of 20th century. However ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Halemba
Halemba is a district in the south-west of Ruda Śląska, Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland. It lies on the river Kłodnica, right tritubary of Odra. It has an area of 19.6 km2 and in 2006 it was inhabited by 26,080 people. History The area encompasses three historically different settlements: * Halemba (proper) * Kłodnica (german: Klodnitz) * Stara Kuźnica (german: Althammer) The first settlements appeared in the 15th century, when the area north of the river Kłodnica belonged to Kochłowice. A smithery was established here, and the settlement, which grew around it, was named ''Halemba'' after one the smiths. It was first mentioned in 1451. Another settlement, ''Stara Kuźnica'', commenced somewhat after 1394, when the forests laying south of Kłodnica were bestowed upon a smith ''Henryk'', who was to establish another smithery. During the political upheaval caused by Matthias Corvinus the land around Pszczyna was overtaken by Casimir II, Duke of Cieszyn, who sol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paniowy
Paniowy (german: Groß Paniow) is a sołectwo in the west of Mikołów, Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland. It was an independent village but as a part of gmina Mokre was administratively merged into Mikołów in 1975. History The village was first mentioned in 1282 as belonging to a knight ''Piotr'' (Peter). In 1325 a church was mentioned. A third and currently standing wooden Saints Peter and Paul church was built after 1757. After World War I in the Upper Silesia plebiscite The Upper Silesia plebiscite was a plebiscite mandated by the Versailles Treaty and carried out on 20 March 1921 to determine ownership of the province of Upper Silesia between Weimar Germany and Poland. The region was ethnically mixed with bot ... 349 out of 403 voters in Paniowy (additionally 76 out of 101 in Paniowy manor goods) voted in favour of joining Poland, against 54 (plus 25 in Paniowy manor goods) opting for staying in Germany. References Neighbourhoods in Silesian Voivodeship ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Borowa WieÅ›
Borowa Wieś (german: Neudorf) is a sołectwo in the north west of Mikołów, Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland. It was an independent village but as a part of gmina Mokre was administratively merged into Mikołów in 1975. The biggest landmark of Borowa Wieś is wooden Saint Nicholas church, originally built in 1640 in Przyszowice, moved to Borowa Wieś in years 1937–1939. History The village was established in the 16th century by Karol von Promnitz, the owner of the Duchy of Pless. Initially the village was known as ''Neudorf'' (Polish: ''Nowa Wieś'', literally ''New Village''), whereas the current name, derived from the Polish word bór (a conifer forest), appeared in the 18th century. In the 18th century it was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia, and from 1871 it was part of Germany. After World War I, in 1918 Poland regained independence, and in the Upper Silesia plebiscite 381 out of 421 voters in Borowa Wieś voted in favour of joining Poland, against 41 opting ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Upper Silesia Plebiscite
The Upper Silesia plebiscite was a plebiscite mandated by the Versailles Treaty and carried out on 20 March 1921 to determine ownership of the province of Upper Silesia between Weimar Germany and Poland. The region was ethnically mixed with both Germans and Poles; according to prewar statistics, ethnic Poles formed 60 percent of the population. Under the previous rule by the German Empire, Poles claimed they had faced discrimination, making them effectively second class citizens. The period of the plebiscite campaign and inter-Allied occupation was marked by violence. There were three Polish uprisings, and German volunteer paramilitary units came to the region as well. The area was policed by French, British, and Italian troops, and overseen by an Inter-Allied Commission. The Allies planned a partition of the region, but a Polish insurgency took control of over half the area. The Germans responded with volunteer paramilitary units from all over Germany, which fought the Polish ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fighting occurring throughout Europe, the Middle East, Africa, the Pacific, and parts of Asia. An estimated 9 million soldiers were killed in combat, plus another 23 million wounded, while 5 million civilians died as a result of military action, hunger, and disease. Millions more died in genocides within the Ottoman Empire and in the 1918 influenza pandemic, which was exacerbated by the movement of combatants during the war. Prior to 1914, the European great powers were divided between the Triple Entente (comprising France, Russia, and Britain) and the Triple Alliance (containing Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy). Tensions in the Balkans came to a head on 28 June 1914, following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
State Country
State country (german: Freie Standesherrschaft; cs, stavovské panstvÃ; pl, paÅ„stwo stanowe) was a unit of administrative and territorial division in the Bohemian crown lands of Silesia and Upper Lusatia, existing from 15th to 18th centuries. These estates were exempt from feudal tenure by privilege of the Bohemian kings. Some of the state countries were highly autonomous, they had their own legal code and their lords were vassals of the king himself, not of the local dukes or princes. Silesia The state countries were formed from former Duchies of Silesia, whose ruling dynasties - branches of the Silesian Piasts (see Dukes of Silesia) - had died out. As a ceased fief their possessions would fall to the Bohemian crown and sometimes were granted to lords of lesser nobility not affiliated with the ducal Piast family. In 1492 King Vladislas II Jagiellon of Bohemia established three state countries within the Duchy of OleÅ›nica (''Oels''), after Duke Konrad X the White had died w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Duchy Of Pless
The Duchy of Pless (or the ''Duchy of Pszczyna'',Julian Janczakof Pszczyna" (in) Zarys dziejów kartografii śląskiej do końca XVIII wieku''(An outline for the History of Cartography till the End of the 18th century)'', Opole: 1976, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw: Institute of History of Science, Education and Technology, 1993, . This contains sections in several European languages, including ; Accessed 2008-13-01. ^ Tadeusz WalichnowskiTerritorial Provenance of Archival Documents in International Relations(''Przynaleznosc terytorialna archiwaliow Panstwa Polskiego w stosunkach miedzynarodowych''), Polish Scientific Publishers, Warsaw, 1977. Polish State Archives. ^''Nagel's Encyclopedia Guide, Poland'' by Nagel Publishers, 1989, 399 pages, . Accessed 2008-13-01. german: Herzogtum Pleß, pl, Księstwo Pszczyńskie) was a Duchy of Silesia, with its capital at Pless (present-day Pszczyna, Poland). History After the fragmentation of the Polish kingdom upon the 1138 Testamen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Magnate
The magnate term, from the late Latin ''magnas'', a great man, itself from Latin ''magnus'', "great", means a man from the higher nobility, a man who belongs to the high office-holders, or a man in a high social position, by birth, wealth or other qualities in Western Christian countries since the medieval period. It also includes the members of the higher clergy, such as bishops, archbishops and cardinals. In reference to the medieval, the term is often used to distinguish higher territorial landowners and warlords, such as counts, earls, dukes, and territorial-princes from the baronage, and in Poland for the richest ''szlachta''. England In England, the magnate class went through a change in the later Middle Ages. It had previously consisted of all tenants-in-chief of the crown, a group of more than a hundred families. The emergence of Parliament led to the establishment of a parliamentary peerage that received personal summons, rarely more than sixty families. A similar cl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
