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Microsporidia
Microsporidia are a group of spore-forming unicellular parasites. These spores contain an extrusion apparatus that has a coiled polar tube ending in an anchoring disc at the apical part of the spore. They were once considered protozoans or protists, but are now known to be fungi, or a sister group to fungi. These fungal microbes are obligate eukaryotic parasites that use a unique mechanism to infect host cells. They have recently been discovered in a 2017 Cornell study to infect Coleoptera on a large scale. So far, about 1500 of the probably more than one million species are named. Microsporidia are restricted to animal hosts, and all major groups of animals host microsporidia. Most infect insects, but they are also responsible for common diseases of crustaceans and fish. The named species of microsporidia usually infect one host species or a group of closely related taxa. Approximately 10 percent of the species are parasites of vertebrates —several species, most of which ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xenoma
A xenoma (also known as a 'xenoparasitic complex') is a growth caused by various protists and fungi, most notably microsporidia. It can occur on numerous organisms; however is predominantly found on fish. In most cases the host cell and nuclei suffers from hypertrophy resulting in a change in organisation of the cell and its structure and can result in polyploid nuclei. This outcome is due to the microsporidian parasite proliferating inside the host cell. This results in a 'symbiotic co-existence' between the parasite and the host cell. This forms the xenoparasitic complex. They tend to contain numerous cellular components as well as microsporidia at different developmental stages and spores. Not all microsporidia infections result in the formation of xenomas; only a few microsporidia actually cause xenoma formation. History Xenoparasitic complex was the term initially devised in the early twentieth century to describe specific type 'tumours' found on various organisms, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fungi
A fungus ( : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, separately from the other eukaryotic kingdoms, which by one traditional classification include Plantae, Animalia, Protozoa, and Chromista. A characteristic that places fungi in a different kingdom from plants, bacteria, and some protists is chitin in their cell walls. Fungi, like animals, are heterotrophs; they acquire their food by absorbing dissolved molecules, typically by secreting digestive enzymes into their environment. Fungi do not photosynthesize. Growth is their means of mobility, except for spores (a few of which are flagellated), which may travel through the air or water. Fungi are the principal decomposers in ecological systems. These and other differences place fungi in a single group of related organisms, named the ''Eumycota'' (''t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fibrillanosema Crangonycis
''Fibrillanosema crangonycis'' is a species of fungus in the phylum Microsporidia. This species is morphologically identical to uncharacterized microsporidia from populations of North American amphipod Amphipoda is an order of malacostracan crustaceans with no carapace and generally with laterally compressed bodies. Amphipods range in size from and are mostly detritivores or scavengers. There are more than 9,900 amphipod species so far descri ...s. It is, however, distinct from microsporidia found in European populations of amphipods. References External linksInvasion Success of ''Fibrillanosema crangonycis'', N.SP., N.G.: a novel vertically transmitted microsporidian parasite from the invasive amphipod host ''Crangonyx pseudogracilis'' {{Taxonbar, from=Q5446438 Microsporidia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Microsporidiosis
Microsporidiosis is an opportunistic intestinal infection that causes diarrhea and wasting in immunocompromised individuals ( HIV, for example). It results from different species of microsporidia, a group of microbial (unicellular) fungi. In HIV infected individuals, microsporidiosis generally occurs when CD4+ T cell counts fall below 150. ''Microsporidia'' have emerged with significant mortality risk in immunocompromised individuals. These are small, single-celled, obligately intracellular parasites linked to water sources as well as wild, and domestic animals. They were once considered protozoans or protists, but are now known to be fungi, or a sister group to fungi. The most common causes of microsporidiosis is ''Enterocytozoon bieneusi'' and ''Encephalitozoon intestinalis.'' Cause At least 15 microsporidian species have been recognized as human pathogens, spread across nine genera: * '' Anncaliia'' ** '' A. algerae'', ''A. connori'', ''A. vesicularum'' * '' Encephalitozoo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sporoplasm
Sporoplasm is an infectious material present in the cytoplasm of various fungi-like organisms, such as members of class ''Microsporidia''. Sporoplasm is defined as a mass of protoplasm that gives rise to or forms a spore. The protoplasmic body that is released as an infective amoebula from a cnidosporidian cyst. __TOC__ Mode of infection It is injected to host cell through a coiled polar tube which acts as a spring-like tubular extrusion mechanism. It is mainly involved in the asexual cycle of the organism. Reproduction Inside the host cell, the sporoplasm multiplies to generate meronts, cells with loosely organized organelles enclosed in a simple plasma membrane.{{Cite web, url=https://web.stanford.edu/class/humbio103/ParaSites2006/Microsporidiosis/microsporidia1.html, title=MICROSPORIDIA, website=web.stanford.edu, access-date=2019-12-31 Multiplication occurs either by merogony (binary fission) or schizogony Fission, in biology, is the division of a single entity into ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Glugea Stephani
''Glugea'' is a genus of microsporidian parasites, predominantly infecting fish. Species include * ''Glugea anomala'' * ''Glugea atherinae'' * ''Glugea capverdensis'' - a parasite of the fish ''Myctophum punctatum'' * ''Glugea caulleryi'' - a parasite of the greater sand eel '' Hyperoplus lanceolatus'' (a teleost fish) * '' Glugea heraldi'' - a parasite of the seahorse ''Hippocampus erectus'' * ''Glugea hertwigi'' - a parasite of the smelts ''Osmerus eperlanus'' and '' Osmerus mordax'' * ''Glugea merluccii'' - a parasite of the fish ''Merluccius hubbsi'' * ''Glugea nagelia'' - a parasite of the yellowfin hind, ''Cephalopholis hemistiktos'' * ''Glugea plecoglossi'' * ''Glugea sardinellensis'' - a parasite of fish of the genus '' Sardinella'' * ''Glugea shiplei'' - a parasite of fish of the genus '' Trisopterus'' * '' Glugea stephani'' - a parasite of the winter flounder '' Pseudopleuronectes americanus'' (a pleuronectid flatfish) * ''Glugea vincentiae'' - a parasite of the Austr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protozoa
Protozoa (singular: protozoan or protozoon; alternative plural: protozoans) are a group of single-celled eukaryotes, either free-living or parasitic, that feed on organic matter such as other microorganisms or organic tissues and debris. Historically, protozoans were regarded as "one-celled animals", because they often possess animal-like behaviours, such as motility and predation, and lack a cell wall, as found in plants and many algae. When first introduced by Georg Goldfuss (originally spelled Goldfuß) in 1818, the taxon Protozoa was erected as a class within the Animalia, with the word 'protozoa' meaning "first animals". In later classification schemes it was elevated to a variety of higher ranks, including phylum, subkingdom and kingdom, and sometimes included within Protoctista or Protista. The approach of classifying Protozoa within the context of Animalia was widespread in the 19th and early 20th century, but not universal. By the 1970s, it became usual to require ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mitosome
A mitosome is an organelle found in some unicellular eukaryotic organisms, like in members of the supergroup Excavata. The mitosome was found and named in 1999, and its function has not yet been well characterized. It was termed a ''crypton'' by one group, but that name is no longer in use. The mitosome has been detected only in anaerobic or microaerophilic organisms that do not have mitochondria. These organisms do not have the capability of gaining energy from oxidative phosphorylation, which is normally performed by mitochondria. The mitosome was first described in ''Entamoeba histolytica,'' an intestinal parasite of humans. Mitosomes have also been identified in several species of Microsporidia and in '' Giardia intestinalis''. Origin and function Mitosomes are almost certainly derived from mitochondria. Like mitochondria, they have a double membrane and most proteins are delivered to them by a targeting sequence of amino acids. The targeting sequence is similar to that u ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Plasmodium (life Cycle)
A plasmodium is a living structure of cytoplasm that contains many nuclei, rather than being divided into individual cells each with a single nucleus. Plasmodia are best known from slime molds, but are also found in parasitic Myxosporea, and some algae such as the Chlorarachniophyta. Structure A plasmodium is an amoeboid, multinucleate, and naked mass of cytoplasm that contains many diploid nuclei. The resulting structure, a coenocyte, is created by many nuclear divisions without the process of cytokinesis, which in other organisms pulls newlydivided cells apart. In some cases, the resulting structure is a syncytium, created by the fusion of cells after division. Under suitable conditions, plasmodia differentiates and forms fruiting bodies bearing spores at their tips. Taxonomic distribution The term plasmodium, introduced by Leon Cienkowski, usually refers to the feeding stage of slime molds; these are macroscopic mycetozoans. The multinucleate developmental stages of s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Unicellular
A unicellular organism, also known as a single-celled organism, is an organism that consists of a single cell, unlike a multicellular organism that consists of multiple cells. Organisms fall into two general categories: prokaryotic organisms and eukaryotic organisms. All prokaryotes are unicellular and are classified into bacteria and archaea. Many eukaryotes are multicellular, but some are unicellular such as protozoa, unicellular algae, and unicellular fungi. Unicellular organisms are thought to be the oldest form of life, with early protocells possibly emerging 3.8–4.0 billion years ago. Although some prokaryotes live in colonies, they are not specialised cells with differing functions. These organisms live together, and each cell must carry out all life processes to survive. In contrast, even the simplest multicellular organisms have cells that depend on each other to survive. Most multicellular organisms have a unicellular life-cycle stage. Gametes, for example ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protist
A protist () is any eukaryotic organism (that is, an organism whose cells contain a cell nucleus) that is not an animal, plant, or fungus. While it is likely that protists share a common ancestor (the last eukaryotic common ancestor), the exclusion of other eukaryotes means that protists do not form a natural group, or clade. Therefore, some protists may be more closely related to animals, plants, or fungi than they are to other protists. However, like the groups '' algae'', ''invertebrates'', and '' protozoans'', the biological category ''protist'' is used for convenience. Others classify any unicellular eukaryotic microorganism as a protist. The study of protists is termed protistology. History The classification of a third kingdom separate from animals and plants was first proposed by John Hogg in 1860 as the kingdom Protoctista; in 1866 Ernst Haeckel also proposed a third kingdom Protista as "the kingdom of primitive forms". Originally these also included prokaryotes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parasite
Parasitism is a close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life. The entomologist E. O. Wilson has characterised parasites as "predators that eat prey in units of less than one". Parasites include single-celled protozoans such as the agents of malaria, sleeping sickness, and amoebic dysentery; animals such as hookworms, lice, mosquitoes, and vampire bats; fungi such as honey fungus and the agents of ringworm; and plants such as mistletoe, dodder, and the broomrapes. There are six major parasitic strategies of exploitation of animal hosts, namely parasitic castration, directly transmitted parasitism (by contact), trophicallytransmitted parasitism (by being eaten), vector-transmitted parasitism, parasitoidism, and micropredation. One major axis of classification concerns invasiveness: an endoparasite lives inside the host's body ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
