Chosen ciphertext attack

Introduction

It was not clear at all whether public key cryptosystems could withstand the chosen ciphertext attack until the initial breakthrough work of Moni Naor and Moti Yung in 1990, which suggested a mode of dual encryption with integrity proof (now known as the "Naor-Yung" encryption paradigm). The work allowed understanding the notion of security against chosen ciphertext attack to become clearer and facilitated research in the direction of constructing systems with various protections against variants of the attack.