Topic summary
Upper Devonian

Extracted from the Wikipedia article Devonian.
References
- ^ . The Journal of Geology. 112 (4): 495–501. Bibcode:2004JG....112..495K. doi:10.1086/42107. eISSN 1537-5269. ISSN 0022-1376. JSTOR 421077. LCCN 25013118. OCLC 1608377. S2CID 129963970. Archived from the original(PDF) on 10 February 2024 2025.
- ^ 130. doi:10.1098/rstb.1998.0195. eISSN 1471-2970. PMC 1692181. S2CID 84656565.
- ^ . Journal of the Geological Society. 168 (4). Geological Society of London: 863–872. Bibcode:2011JGSoc.168..863P. doi:10.1144/0016-76492010-043. eISSN 2041-479X. ISSN 0016-7649. LCCN 79641612. OCLC 1934542. S2CID 128679831. Archived(PDF) from the original on 11 July 2025 2025.
- ^ . International Commission on Stratigraphy. December 2024 2025.
- ^ 8 2020.
- ^ 205. Bibcode:2009NewSt..43..195K. doi:10.1127/0078-0421/2009/0043-0195.
- ^ 336. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1991/v14i4/004.
- ^ 68. Bibcode:2008Sci...322...64H. doi:10.1126/science.1161648. PMID 18832639.
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^ ". BBC News 2016.
- ^
- ^
- ^ . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN .
- ^ 703. doi:10.1144/transgslb.5.3.633.
- ^
- ^ 738. doi:10.1144/transgslb.5.3.721.
- ^
- ^
- ^ 19. ISBN .
- ^
- ^ 204. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2013/v36i3/002.
- ^ 523. doi:10.1093/icb/icm055. PMID 21672860.
Estimates of oxygen levels during this period suggest that they were unprecedentedly low during the Givetian and Frasnian periods. At the same time, plant diversification was at its most rapid, changing the character of the landscape and contributing, via soils, soluble nutrients, and decaying plant matter, to anoxia in all water systems. The co-occurrence of these global events may explain the evolution of air-breathing adaptations in at least two lobe-finned groups, contributing directly to the rise of the tetrapod stem group.
- ^ 4): 170–181. Bibcode:2009PPP...276..170E. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.03.008.
- ^ 4): 599–609. Bibcode:2009E&PSL.284..599J. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.05.028.
- ^ 6): 1181–1192. Bibcode:2011GSAB..123.1181N. doi:10.1130/B30364.1.
- ^ 545. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-102908-4.00063-1. ISBN .
- ^ 125. Bibcode:2013PPP...387..104M. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.07.020.
- ^ 158. doi:10.1017/9781316225523.009. ISBN .
- ^
- ^
- ^ 2017.
- ^
- ^ 317. Bibcode:2018AndGe..45..301H. doi:10.5027/andgeoV45n3-3117. hdl:11336/81577.
- ^ 297. Bibcode:2016PPP...448..279W. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.12.029.
- ^ 284. Bibcode:2017GondR..48..257F. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2017.03.005.
- ^
- ^ .
- ^ 4): 427–441. Bibcode:2011PPP...310..427B. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.08.004.
- ^ 4): 431–458. doi:10.1002/gj.967.
- ^ 429 2023.
- ^ 431. doi:10.1007/s00338-020-02048-9.
- ^ 75. Bibcode:2015PPP...424...61Z. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.02.021.
- ^ 555. doi:10.1007/s12549-021-00491-2.
- ^ 2019.
- ^ 6): 83–U58. Bibcode:2008PalAA.283...83K. doi:10.1127/pala/283/2008/83.
- ^ 263. doi:10.1038/439262a. PMID 16421540.
- ^ 477. Bibcode:2010Letha..43..465K. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2009.00206.x.
- ^ 9. Bibcode:2018RSPSB.28580883W. doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.0883. PMC 6083262. PMID 30051837.
- ^ 306. Bibcode:2012Episo..35..298T. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2012/v35i1/029.
- ^ 4): 599–609. Bibcode:2009E&PSL.284..599J. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.05.028.
- ^ 746. Bibcode:2014JPal...88..735G. doi:10.1666/13-088.
- ^ 501. doi:10.1007/s12052-011-0357-y.
- ^ . doi:10.1098/rsbl.2021.0226. PMC 8205522. PMID 34129798.
- ^ 2): 123–159. Bibcode:2001RPaPa.116..123H. doi:10.1016/s0034-6667(01)00058-6.
- ^ 1086. Bibcode:2010AmJB...97.1079G. doi:10.3732/ajb.1000172. PMID 21616860.
- ^ 1078. Bibcode:2010AmJB...97.1074T. doi:10.3732/ajb.1000047. hdl:11336/97957. PMID 21616859.
- ^ 48. Bibcode:2010Natur.463...43N. doi:10.1038/nature08623. PMID 20054388.
- ^ 4): 136–154. Bibcode:2015Ichno..22..136L. doi:10.1080/10420940.2015.1063491.
- ^ 20. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2015.07.002.
- ^ 215. Bibcode:2010IJPlS.171..199G. doi:10.1086/648988.
- ^ 2021.
- ^ 2010.
- ^
- ^ 285. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03327.x. PMID 20642725.
- ^ .
- ^ . hdl:20.500.12210/76731.
- ^ 379. Bibcode:2013AfrIn..54..373G. doi:10.5733/afin.054.0206.
- ^ 810. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-824360-2.00022-x. ISBN .
- ^ 1503. Bibcode:1982Sci...215.1501R. doi:10.1126/science.215.4539.1501. PMID 17788674.
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^ .
- ^ 437. Bibcode:2016GSLSP.423..387K. doi:10.1144/sp423.9.
- ^ 36. doi:10.1016/s0920-5446(05)80002-0. ISBN .
- ^ 21. Bibcode:2020Palai..35...12R. doi:10.2110/palo.2019.001.